gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs
What does the digestive system consist of
Blastula
Stage of development where digestive system is made
many cells fold in on itself
fold gets bigger until it goes through it
the hole is called an endoderm
hole is surrounded by mesoderm
Protosome
Mouth is made first
Deuterostomes
Anus is made first
humans -Mouth made second
Peritoneum
Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
largest serous membrane in body
simple squamous
contains folds = mesenteries
Parietal peritoneum
Outer layer lining that touches wall
visceral peritoneum
Inner lining that covers organs
Mesentery
a fused double sheets of the peritoneal membrane
stabilize position of organs & BV's
provide attachment for BV's
Mesentery proper
binds jejunum and ileum to posterior abdominal wall
holds small intestine to body wall
Mesocolon
binds transverse colon and sigmoid colon to posterior abdominal wall
holds large intestine to body cavity
Greater Omentum
Drapes over transverse colon & small intestine Largest mesentery Fatty apron
lesser omentum
Connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver
contains major blood vessels, bile & lymph structure
hepatic portal vein
intraperitoneal
Digestive organs are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
Organs lie against the posterior abdominal wall
kidney
Mucosa
inner lining of digestive tract
epithelium
Lamina propria - only place inbody where this CT is found
makes mucus
Submucosa
dense irregular connective tissue Glands that secrete acid, BV & nerve plexus
Muscularis
smooth muscle that helps more food -Inner circular layer & outer longitudinal layer
Serosa
visceral peritoneum - layer of serous membrane attached to organ.
NOT FOUND IN: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, OR rectum
Inner circular
Pushing food along
outer longitudinal
Smooshing
processing food Food → macros
What is the primary function of the digestive system
Ingestion - swallowing food
Digesting-Chem (enzymes cut food smaller) vs mech (teeth )
Absorption - large & small intestine absorbing nutrients
Elimination- waste leaving body
What are the steps of food processing
oral cavity
mouth Cheeks form the lateral walls
lined by stratified squamous epic
lips - muscles
Start of mech & chem digestion bolus forms when we swallow good Bonus = food & saliva
Oral cavity primary function
soft and hard palate uvula tongue mouth cheeks teeth lips muscles
What does the oral cavity consist of
Palate
roof of the mouth Hard & soft
Uvula
CT from soft palate
closes off nasopharynx while swallowing
gag reflex
Tongue
Skeletal muscle, held down by the lingual frenulum
Chewing, gestation, and speech
Tongue primary function
Teeth
20 deciduous (baby) & 32 adult
Periodontal ligament
Anchors tooth to the bone
Incisors - scraping Cuspids (canines)- hold food in place Bicuspids (premolars) - transitional teeth both canines and molars Molars- grinding of food
What are the types of teeth and function
Amylase
Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches
parotid
Biggest gland over the masseter muscle
Submandibular
salivary gland under mandible
Sublingual
salivary gland under the tongue
Deglutition (swallowing)
Passing something from mouth the pharynx & into esophagus Bonus moves through esophagus via peristalsis
Peristalsis
Rhythmic contract/relax of GI tract muscle
moves food
smooth muscle
happens in esophagus, stomach, large/small intestine -Slowly
I secs from esophagus to stomach
Esophagus
Collapsible, muscular Connects oral cavity to stomach posterior to trachea Start of peristalsis
gastroesophageal sphincter
Stomach & esophagus sphincter
regulate and control the rate of food going into stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
long term condition in which stomach acid goes into esophagus ● Acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, bad breath, chest pain, regurgitation, breathing problems, and wearing away of the teeth ● Risk Factors: obesity, smoking, pregnancy, LES isn't functioning
stomach
Primary function - chem (cut protein) & mech digest Secondary function- food storage, protein digestion (starts in mouth), hormone production that signals how full we are and for acid to be made Tertiary function Absorption SOME H2O SOME meds ex aspirin Alcohol Caffeine mucosal layer has goblet cells
Chyme
Food (bolus) mixed with acid
Oblique
Innermost layer
churns food inside stomach
cardia
Transition from esophagus to stomach
Fundus
most superior part of the stomach Helps with expansion
Body
largest region of the stomach Churning happens
Pylorus
Most inferior region of stomach
gastroesophageal sphincter
Controls rate of food entering body
Greater curvature
rugae of stomach
Expansion
pyloric sphincter
Between stomach and small intestine
slow and controlled I tsp at a time Empties in 2-6hrs
How fast does the stomach empty slow an
Acid + digestive juice, gastric glands
Stomach structures?
Gastric glands
Inside of mucosa gastric pits Make mucus or acid Secretory cells
Vomiting
involuntary & forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach ● Mouth or nose :( burns bc or acid ● Risk factors: Motion sickness, head trauma, food poisoning, overeating, gastritis, drugs, stress ● Treatment: Medication, waiting it out, staying hydrated
Small intestine
Between stomach & large intestine 18-20 ft
1.5 - 2.5in diameter
feeds with villi that contain microvilli
nutrients absorbed by touching
Digestion & absorption of nutrients
Primary function of small intestine
SI absorption
BVs for sugars & amino acids
lacteals for large macros
eventually back general circulation
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum
first 10-13in segment of small intestine ● Chyme from stomach + digestive secretions ● Common bile & pancreatic duct open into duodenum○ Hepatopancreatic ampulla sphincter -breaking down
Receive chyme from stomach Neutralize acids HCO3 - +H+ → H2O + CO2
Duodenum functions
jejunum
Middle segment of small intestine Approx. 8ft Chem digestion Nutrient absorption
Ileum
The final segment of the small intestine Approx. 12ft ileocecal valve cleaning
Segmentation si digestion
Mixing of food stuffs+ digestive secretions No net movement -Pushes back and forth to mix then pushes → with peristalisis
Liver
largest organ of the body Located under diaphragm Can regenerate Primary function: detox
Falciform ligament
Attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall & diaphragm
hepatic portal system
connects the digestive tract and liver
specialized venous blood pathway
from GI tract → liver → heart
nutrient rich / O2 poor
stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and spleen blood get together to form hepatic portal vein to dump blood into liver
Lobules
functional units of the liver
hepatocytes
liver cells Break down parasites A lot of rough/smooth ER and ribosomes
Kupffer cells
Immune system cells
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, small bile duct
What makes up the portal triad
Hepatic sinusoid
Holds kupffer cells
Storage of Fe, vit: A, D, E, K, & BI2 Production of glycerol & amino acids→ glucose when hangry Cholesterol Bile - cuts down fat increases sa
Liver secondary function
Gallbladder
Primary function: store bile Located under liver
gall stones
a stone formed within the gallbladder/bile duct ● Cholesterol / ↓ bile salts = stone ● Crampy pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, fever, yellowish skin, vomiting, or tea-colored urine ● Other acc. organs to become inflamed ● Risk Factors: estrogen + 40 years, weight, and diet hormonal birth control too ● Treatment: Diet change, Surgery or shock waves
Pancreas
Primary functions endo: make insulin and glucagon exo=pancreatic juices Located behind stomach
Lipase- lipids /fats Pancreatic amylase-starch Pancreatic trypsin -protein
What are the enzymes for all macros
Pancreatic juices
Contains sodium bicarb Bicarb protect small intestine from stomach acid b/c no mucus
Large intestine
Primary function: Last chance absorption & storage Located around the small intestine 4-5 ft long Approx 3in in diameter Absorb H2O and vitamins made by proks (B complex and K) K- help with blood clots I made by our E. coli
Feces
When it enter iliocecal value it becomes feces for 1st time 3/4 h20 & 1/4 undigested solids+ coliforms bilirubin processing+ oxidized iron = brown poop
Cecum
transitionary pouch that connects small to large intestine
Appendix
Lymph tissue
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix ●Caused by blockage ● Right/lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, & decreased appetite ● Sepsis- infection could happen by fecal matter getting stuck ● Treatment: Removal
Colon
Largest portion of LI
Ascend
Fecal matter goes up
Trans
Fecal matter goes on transverse plane
Descend
Fecal matter goes down
Sigmoid
S-shaped Leads feces into rectum
Haustra
Pouches for expansion - helps with abs and storage
taeniae coli
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle Helps with peristalsis of each pouch
Rectum
Last 20 cm of LI Storage area Internal sphincter = involuntary External sphincter = voluntary Both control the rate of fecal exiting body
Anal canal
Site of defecation Voluntary
lactose intolerance
Only supposed to drink milk as babies inability to digest milk sugars (lactose) ● If no lactase enzyme = can't digest lactose ● Bacteria breakdown lactose anaerobically, producing gas, bloating, diarrhea ● Cheese & yogurt OK, heavy cream & butter too! (more milk fat=less milk sugar) ● Risk Factors: being an adult ● Treatment: Diet & lactase supplement
Excrete waste from proteins Urea & ammonium from AAs
Urinary system primary function
Water/salt (blood pressure) homeostasis BP measured in salt
Urinary system secondary function
Aldosterone
regulates salt and stress homeostasis increases blood vol and blood pressure -stimulated by low sodium concentration (after exercise), blood loss (low blood volume), or low blood pressure kidney reabsorption of Na+ & excretion of K+ NOT controlled by anterior pituitary
RAAS
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Renin -> RAAS hormone complex
Made from juxtaglomerular apparatus kidneys: constrict bvs = increased blood pressure Tells Adrenal glands to make: Aldo = increased salt retention
Non urinary function: blood ph
If pH low/acidic = too many H ions & secretion of buffers (bicarb ion) increase If pH high / too alkaline= increase excretions of buffers (bicarb ion) & secretion of H ion increase