Week 4 Fine motor skills, Visual perceptual skills, and Visual motor

What is the definition of fine motor skills?

Involve the use of precise and coordinated movements of the fingers and hands

How is visual perceptual skills defined?

The skills that are needed to interpret and understand what is seen

What is the definition of visual motor integration

Coordination of hand movements based on the perception of visual information; hand movements guided by what the child can see

What is grasp?

Voluntarily picking up, holding, and manipulating an object with the hand

How does grasp develop?

It’s drive by the child’s environment and experiences

Grasp patterns begin more _____ and become more ______

Crude, precise

What is release?

Ability to smoothly release and place an object precisely on/in a targeted area; requires the child to partially open their hand while monitoring the placement

The ability to release an object is needed for…

Placing objects in a container

Stacking blocks

Managing a cup and spoon/fork

Working puzzles

Why is hand strength needed?

It’s required for pushing, pulling, pinching, squeezing, twisting, and sustaining prolonged grasp on tools

What are important for skillful and powerful grasps, as well as individual and isolated finger movements?

Hand arches

When do children show important gains in hand skills?

Between 4 and 6

What are bilateral skills?

The smooth use of both hands working together

Do both hands need to be doing the same task/thing for it to be considered a bilateral skill?

NO- as long as both hands are working it is considered a bilateral skill

What kind of activities are bilateral skills important for?

Clapping

Holding paper down while coloring

Using scissors

Peeling and adhering stickers

Buttoning

Stringing beads

Tying

What are some occupations that demonstrate bilateral hand skills?

Dribbling

Using a rolling pin

Putting on socks

What are the in-hand manipulation skills?

Translation

Shift

Simple Rotation

Complex Rotation

What is translation? (Regarding in-hand skills)

Moving objects from the palm of the hand to the fingertips and vice versa using only one hand

What is shift? (Regarding in-hand skills)

Moving objects between the fingers; ex- using the fingertips to try and separate two pieces of paper that are stuck together and moving fingers to the bottom of a pen to write

What is simple rotation? (Regarding in-hand skills)

The ability to roll a small object between the thumb and fingertips ex- opening a water bottle

What is complex rotation?

The ability to turn an object end over end ex- using only the hand to turn a pencil around to use the eraser

What is the palmar-supinate grasp?

Shaft held with a fisted hand

Arm moves as a unit

When does the palmar-supinate grasp appear?

1-1.5 years old

What is the digital pronate grasp?

Shaft held with fingers

Forearm moves as a unit

When does the digital pronate grasp appear?

2-3 years

What is the static tripod grasp?

Held with crude approximation of the thumb, index, and middle finger; continual adjustments made by other hand- no fine localized movements of fingers, hand moves as a unit

When does the static tripod grasp appear?

3.5-4 years

What is the dynamic tripod grasp?

Held with precise opposition of distal fingers of thumb, index, and middle fingers; fine localized movements; held with thumb and index finger that point toward the tip, item rests on the side of the middle finger and the last two digits curl into the palm

When does the dynamic tripod grasp appear?

4.5(5)-6 years old

When is hand dominance established?

5-6 years

How is the dominant hand defined?

The hand that is used more consistently for finer manipulative skills; “worker hand”

How is the non-dominant hand defined?

Develops skills in manipulating, stabilizing, and positioning objects; “helper hand”

How do you determine a child hand dominance?

Observe the child completing common daily tasks (picking up a glass, opening a door)

What bilateral hand skills should we see regarding normal visual motor development of a child aged 3-4?

Lace 3 holes

String small beads by holding bead in one hand and holding sting in opposite hand

What kind of bilateral hand skills should we see regarding normal visual motor development at 4-5?

Cut out shapes accurately by grasping scissors correctly and adjusting the paper with the opposite hand

Fold paper precisely in one-half

Holds writing utensil with preferred hand and stabilizes paper with opposite hand when coloring or drawing

What is tool use?

Using a cognitive action plan for proper and purposeful use of a tool

What does normal visual motor development look like during mealtimes for a child who is 4-5?

Holds cup with one hand

Used a napkin

Holds fork with fingers

Holds spoon with fingers

What does normal development of visual motor skills look like during dressing for a child who is 3-4?

Puts on shoes and socks with minimal assistance (even if its the wrong foot)

Button large buttons independently

Snaps independently

Pulls down pants independently

Unzips/zips non-separating zipper independently

Zips down pants independently

What does normal development of visual motor skills look like during dressing for a child who is 4-5?

Buckles clothing independently

Socks and shoes on the correct feet with minimal assistance

Connects two-part separating jacket zippers and zip-ups

Unbuckles independently

What is the developmental progression of coloring?

Going from broad strokes over a wide area, as maturation occurs movements and strokes become smaller

What does coloring help children develop?

Crayon grip

Use of helping hand

Attention

Strength and endurance

What are the stages of coloring a child may need help progressing through?

Aim and scribble

Side to side horizontal strokes

Up and down vertical strokes

Small circular motions

Staying with the directions of the lines

Coloring within the illustration using the stroke that accommodates the shape of the image

What are pre-writing skills?

Tracing and forming proper strokes as prerequisites to letter formation

What are the benefits of tracing and pre-writing activities, what are the opportunities to?

Increase grip strength

Promote ideal grasp on pencils and crayons

Increase endurance for paper/pencil tasks

Promote visual tracking of top to bottom and left to right

Increase understanding of spatial concepts and terms “start” and “stop”

What can have a positive effect on future handwriting?

Pre-writing skills

At what age does a child begin imitating vertical lines?

Age 2

At what age does a child imitate horizontal lines?

Age 2.5

At what age does a child imitate circle shape?

Age 2 years and 9 months

At what ages does a child copy or masters different lines?

Vertical lines- 3

Horizontal lines- 3

Circle shape- 3

Cross shape- 3.5

Right/left diagonal- 4.4-4.7

Square shape- 4.5

X-shape- 4.11

When does a child copy or masters dawing a triangle?

5

What does normal development of visual motor and fine motor skills look like during general activities for a child who is 3-4?

Strings 0.5 inch beads

Grasps cubes to build a 4-cube wall

Stacks tower of 9-10 cubes

Unscrews a jar lid

What does normal development of visual motor and fine motor skills look like during general activities for a child who is 4-5?

Able to isolate and touch each finger to thumb within 8 seconds

Grasps cubes to build a 6-cube steps

Folds paper precisely in one- half

Grasps cubes to build a 6-cube pyramid

What activities involves visual motor skills and tasks a child with manipulating smaller pieces in order to create a larger image?

Puzzles

Success with puzzles helps students develop perceptual skills that…

Are necessary during handwriting to fit words onto a page/line, appropriately size uppercase spacing between letters and words

Are required for proper letter and digit formation

Help a child discriminate letters and digits of various sizes, colors, and fonts

What are age appropriate puzzles?

Age 2- 3: 10 large knob pieces, simple foam/wooden board

Age 3: 3-4 pieces interlocking puzzle; large sized pieces

Age 4: 10-15 piece interlocking puzzle; medium sized pieces

Age 5: 20+ piece interlocking puzzle; small sized pieces

What are scissor skills?

Combination of fine motor skills and visual motor skills to coordinate an open-close motion on tool to produce cuts along paper

What do scissors skills require?

Eye-hand coordination

Bilateral coordination

Fine motor skills/strength

Scissor skills progress in a developmental manner

What scissor skills should a child have when they are 2?

Grasps scissors

Makes small snips one at a time (no forward motion)

Turns palm down and forearm over while elbow is up and away from child’s torso

Why might you not seen scissor skills in a 2 year-old child?

Younger children are usually not introduced to using scissors until they are 5

How would you document a lack of scissor skills in a child who has never used scissors?

Indicate that lack of skills is not a developmental worry but due to lack of exposure

What scissor skills should a 3 year old have?

Should use correct grasp and orientation of scissors

Snips in a forward direction, approximately SIX inches across paper

May begin using helper hand, but not consistently

What scissor skills should a child have at the age of 4?

Used both hands

Helper hand stabilizes and begins to shift the paper while manipulating scissors

Cuts on a 5 × ¼ inch line with one inch accuracy

What scissor skills should we see in a child who is 5?

Cuts out a 3-inch diameter circle with ¼ inch accuracy

Cuts out 4 inch square with ¼ inch accuracy

Will be more consistent with shifting the paper into place as needed to cut around curves and corners

“Thumbs up” position consistent

What are some examples of how visual perceptual skills impact us?

Education- reading, writing, math

ADLs- dressing, bathing

IADLS- reading maps, emptying the dishwasher, organizing

Leisure- participating in hobbies and crafts

Play/work- sequencing, organizing

What is one of the only assessments that look at visual perceptual skills?

TVPS-4- it can also identify the each developmental component

What are assessments test visual perceptual skills?

TVPS-4

DTVP-3

MVPT-4; motor free visual perceptual test

Beery VMI-6; quick to administer and has the broadest range

What diagnosis will you often use a visual perceptual assessment with?

Dyslexia

What are components of visual perceptual skills?

Visual discrimination

Figure ground

Form constancy

Spatial relations

Visual memory

Visual sequential memory

Visual closure

What is visual discrimination?

The ability to identify similarities and differences between letters, numbers, and objects, etc.

Someone with visual discrimination deficits would have difficulty with…

Distinguishing between words and letters

Sorting, matching, and organizing

What is figure ground?

The ability to distinguish an item or form while perceiving the foreground from the background

Someone with figure ground deficits may have difficulty with…

Finding objects in a drawer

Locate a specific word or sentence on a page

Confusion and fatigue when looking at visually stimulating pages/environment

When will you no longer expect to see letter reversals?

Begin around first grade age

What is form constancy?

The ability to recognize that an item is the same when in a different orientation, size, and/or color

Someone with form constancy deficits may have difficulty with…

Letters, numbers, or symbols that are different sizes, colors, or rotated

Distinguishing between similar letters, shapes, and words

What is spatial relations?

The ability to perceive two or more objects position in space relative to oneself and in relation to each other

Someone with spatial relations deficits may have difficulty with…

Spacing between words

Writing on lined paper

Understanding directions

Left/right confusion

Letter reversal

Spelling is a….

Visual memory skill

What is visual memory?

The ability to remember and recall objects, shapes, symbols, movements from pictures, list of words or other information presented visually

Of a child has to look up a lot when copying something from the board (a sentence), this indicates a delay in ______ memory skills

Visual sequential

Someone with visual memory deficits may have difficulty with…

Remembering faces, sight words, street signs/locations

What is visual sequential memory?

The ability to put items seen in consecutive order

Someone with visual sequential memory deficits may have difficulty with…

Recalling what was seen when copying from the board, typing a copied text- can lead to slow work and omitting letters

Spelling

Remembering math equations

Multi-step tasks

What is visual closure?

The ability to identify items although t the item is not visually complete or part of the item is visually obstructed

Someone with visual closure deficits may have difficulty with…

Reading

Location g items in a busy drawer/container, etc.