Exam 3 - Nutrition, Elimination, Infection, Inflammation

Tamsulosin (FLOMAX)

An Alpha-Adrenergic Blocker used to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis by relaxing smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate to improve urine flow.

Rifampin

A first-line bactericidal anti-TB medication that causes orange/red discoloration of urine, sweat, and tears, and can permanently stain contact lenses.

Isoniazid (INH)

A first-line bactericidal anti-TB drug used for latent prophylaxis and active disease that must be taken on an empty stomach ($1$ hour before or $2$ hours after meals).

Omeprazole (PRILOSEC)

A Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) taken $30-60$ minutes before meals for GERD and peptic ulcers; long-term use is associated with osteoporosis and increased risk of C. difficile.

Phenazopyridine (PYRIDIUM)

A urinary analgesic that provides symptomatic relief for pain and burning from a UTI but does not cure the infection and turns urine orange/red.

Famotidine (PEPCID)

An H2 Receptor Antagonist used for GERD and gastritis; it is preferred for critically ill patients but may cause confusion or agitation in older adults.

Triple Therapy

A standard treatment regimen for H. pylori eradication in Peptic Ulcer Disease consisting of two antibiotics (Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin or Metronidazole) plus one PPI (Omeprazole).

Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome

A specific surgical complication that can occur during cataract surgery in patients who are taking or have previously taken Tamsulosin.

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

A supplement prescribed with Isoniazid (INH) to prevent peripheral neuropathy caused by the medication.

Peripheral Neuropathy

A side effect characterized by numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, commonly monitored in patients taking Isoniazid (INH).

Alpha-Adrenergic Blocker

The drug classification for Tamsulosin (FLOMAX) which works by relaxing smooth muscle to treat urinary symptoms related to BPH.

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)

The drug classification for Omeprazole (PRILOSEC), which inhibits gastric acid production and requires monitoring for calcium absorption issues and pneumonia.

H2 Receptor Antagonist

The drug classification for Famotidine (PEPCID), which blocks histamine-2 receptors to reduce stomach acid and requires renal function monitoring.

Nutrition

The science of the intake of nutrients and their actions in body functioning.

Factors Affecting Food Choice

Influences including taste, food smell, habits, convenience, cost, emotion, body image, perceived benefits, and portion size.

Common Foodborne Pathogens

A group of over $31$ pathogens linked to illnesses, including Norovirus, Salmonella, Camphylobacter, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphyloccus aureus.

Normal Cholesterol Levels

A diagnostic measurement that normally ranges between $160$ and $200,mg/dL$.

Enteral Nutrition

A collaborative intervention involving the delivery of nutrients directly into the gastrointestinal system.

Parenteral Nutrition

A collaborative intervention involving the administration of nutrients intravenously.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

The backflow of gastric or duodenal contents or both into the esophagus, popularly called heartburn.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

A dysfunctional or incompetent component that allows gastric contents to reflux into the esophagus when its pressure is lowered.

Nissen Fundoplication Surgery

A surgical procedure, performed laparoscopically or open, for patients with GERD or hiatal hernia who are unresponsive to pharmacologic and lifestyle changes.

Barrett's Esophagus

A priority potential complication resulting from chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Medications ending in 'ZOLE' that reduce gastric secretions and promote healing; long-term use increases the risk of osteoporosis.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A break in the mucous lining of the gastric mucosa that thrives in an acidic environment and can occur in several locations.

H. Pylori

A common bacterial cause of ulceration in Peptic Ulcer Disease, diagnosable via breath, blood, stool, or biopsy.

Duodenal Ulcers

The most common type of peptic ulcer, typically occurring in individuals aged $35-45$ years, with epigastric and back pain occurring $2-3$ hrs after eating.

Gastric Ulcers

A type of ulcer occurring in adults over $50$ years, characterized by high epigastric gnawing pain occurring $30-60$ mins after eating.

Triple Therapy

A pharmacologic combination to eradicate H. pylori consisting of Clarithromycin + amoxicillin + PPI.

Quad Therapy

A pharmacologic combination to eradicate H. pylori consisting of Bismuth subsalicylate + tetracycline + metronidazole + PPI.

Pyloric Stenosis

A narrowing of the pyloric canal between the stomach and duodenum that prevents food from passing into the small intestines.

Olive-shaped lump

A physical assessment finding in the umbilicus region indicative of pyloric stenosis.

Projectile vomiting

A priority assessment cue that occurs as pyloric stenosis worsens in infants.

Cleft Lip and Palate

A congenital abnormality involving the incorrect or partial closure of the lip and palate during the second month of pregnancy.

Vermillion border

The junction of the lip and surrounding skin where a notch may form in unilateral or bilateral cleft lip cases.

Special nipples

Priority education tools used for feeding infants with cleft lip and palate to address difficulty feeding.

Histamine Receptor Blockers (H2 blockers)

A class of medication used alongside antacids and PPIs to manage gastric acidity in GERD and PUD.

Elimination

The secretion and excretion of physiological waste products by the kidneys and intestines.

Urinary Elimination

A process that controls the volume and composition of blood and rids the body of excess fluid and electrolytes.

Nocturia

An alteration in urinary elimination characterized by voiding during the night.

Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination.

Hemodialysis

A procedure where blood flows through an external machine and is then returned to the client's body.

Peritoneal dialysis

A procedure where dialysis solution is instilled into the abdominal cavity at frequent intervals.

Defecation

The expulsion of feces from the anus and rectum; also referred to as a bowel movement.

Peristalsis

The physiological process that involves wave-like muscle contractions to move content through the digestive tract.

Normal Feces Composition

Typically consists of $75\%$ water and $25\%$ solid material.

Meconium

The initial stool passed by newborns and infants.

Diarrhea

The passage of liquid feces with increased frequency resulting from rapid movement of fecal content through the large intestine.

Flatulence

Excessive gases in the intestines or colon caused by bacterial action on chyme, swallowed air, or gas diffusing from the bloodstream.

Constipation

The passage of fewer than $3$ bowel movements per week or general difficulty in passing stools.

Bowel incontinence

The inability to voluntarily control the passage of feces and intestinal gas through the anal sphincter.

Impaction

Hardened feces that cause constipation, incontinence, cramping, and straining in defecation.

Obstruction

A blockage in the bowel characterized by symptoms such as distention, cramping, constipation, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Diuretics

Pharmacologic therapy used to rid the body of excess fluid, including loop, thiazide, and potassium-sparing categories.

Anticholinergic medications

Drugs used to reduce urinary frequency and treat incontinence.

Cholinergic medications

Drugs used to promote urination.

Anorectal manometry

A diagnostic test used to evaluate bowel elimination function.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate that compresses the urethra, causing overt urinary obstruction; common in aging men.

Alpha Adrenergic Blockers

Pharmacologic therapy used for BPH that relaxes the smooth muscle of the bladder; examples include Alfuzosin, silodosin, prazosin, tadalafil, and oxybutynin.

5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors

Medications such as Finasteride and dutasteride that reduce the size of the prostate to treat BPH.

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)

A physical diagnostic test used to assess the size and condition of the prostate gland.

PSA Blood Test

A diagnostic blood test used to screen for prostate issues, stands for Prostate-Specific Antigen.

Saw Palmetto and African plum

Complementary supplements sometimes used in the management of BPH.

Encopresis

Voluntary or involuntary retention of stool leading to constipation, dilation of the lower bowel, and incompetence of the inner sphincter.

Anorectal manometry

A diagnostic test for encopresis used to evaluate the pressure and motility of the rectum and anal sphincter.

Enuresis

Bedwetting during sleep in a child aged $7$ or older; more common in boys than girls.

Diurnal enuresis

Daytime urinary incontinence, which may be caused by bladder irritability or constipation.

Hypospadias

A congenital condition where the urethral opening is located on the ventral surface of the penis.

Lithiases

The medical term for stone formation within the body.

Nephrolithiasis

The specific condition where stones (calculi) form within the kidney.

Urolithiasis

The formation of stones anywhere in the urinary tract other than the kidney.

Renal colic

Severe pain and sympathetic response caused by a stone obstructing the ureter and causing ureteral spasms.

Hydronephrosis

The buildup of urine and pressure behind an obstruction in the kidney, which can cause damage to the parenchyma.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A surgical procedure used to break up urinary calculi using shock waves.

Ureterolithotomy

Surgical intervention to remove a stone from the ureter.

Mechanical obstruction

A physical blockage of the intestinal lumen, often caused by adhesions, hernias, or tumors.

Functional/Paralytic obstruction

A non-mechanical intestinal obstruction where the bowel fails to move contents despite no physical blockage.

Volvulus

A mechanical bowel obstruction caused by the twisting of the intestine.

Intussusception

A condition where a segment of the intestine slides into the adjacent segment, causing a mechanical obstruction.

Obstipation

Severe or complete constipation that may lead to a large bowel obstruction.

Bowel decompression

The use of a Nasogastric Tube (NGT) to remove gas and fluid from the stomach and intestine in cases of small bowel obstruction.

Infection

Anything disease caused by the growth of microbes in the body.

Bacteria

The category of microorganisms that most commonly cause infection.

Viruses

Microorganisms consisting of nucleic acid that must enter living cells to function.

Fungi

Microorganisms that include yeasts and molds.

Parasites

Microorganisms including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods.

Elements of the Infectious Process

The six necessary components: Causative organism, Reservoir of Available Organisms, Portal of Exit from Reservoir, Mode of Transmission from Reservoir, Susceptible Host, and Portal of Entry.

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

VRE

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, an example of a current antibiotic-resistant strain.

PRSP

Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.

C. difficile

A common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea.

Standard Precautions

The baseline isolation precaution used in health care settings.

Transmission Based Precautions

Specific isolation precautions categorized into Contact, Airborne, and Droplet precautions.

Infection Control Nurse

A specially trained nurse knowledgeable about the prevention, detection, and treatment of all infections, responsible for reporting and employee education.

Diagnostic Tests

Procedures including WBC count, WBC differential, Procalcitonin, cultures, serological testing, direct antigen detection, antibiotic peak/trough levels, radiological exams, lumbar puncture, and urinalysis.

Modifiable Risk Factors

Factors that can be changed to prevent infection, including receiving immunizations.

Conjunctivitis

Commonly known as "Pink Eye," a condition where the conjunctiva becomes inflamed; it is the most common ocular disorder worldwide.

Ophthalmia neonatorum

Conjunctivitis occurring in an infant under $30$ days of age.

Trachoma

A form of conjunctivitis characterized by redness, eyelid edema, tearing, photophobia, and small conjunctival follicles on the upper lid.

Ceftriaxone

The pharmacologic treatment used specifically for Gonococcal conjunctivitis.