Periodic Table

What are properties of elements?

Functions of their group/family

Why are elements put in the same group?

They have similar properties and they have the same number of valence electrons

What is group one of the periodic table?

Alkali metals

What is group two of the periodic table?

Alkaline metals

What is group 17 of the periodic table?

Halogens

What is group 18 of the periodic table?

Noble gases

Elements that are not in groups 1, 2, 17, or 18 are in _____.

families

This is because not all of them behave the same way. 

What are periods/rows?

Elements in rows (1-7) have the same number of electron shells.

Describe group one of the periodic table.

You never find them free in nature. They are very reactive.

Describe group two of the periodic table.

You don’t see them that much, but sometimes in a lab setting. They are less reactive.

Describe group seventeen of the periodic table.

Just as reactive as group one. One and Seventeen want to be perfect, which is why they are so unstable. All three phases of matter are in group seventeen. They are not seen much in nature. 

What are the liquids of the periodic table?

Hg (mercury, liquid metal)

Br (in group 17)

What are the gases of the periodic table? (monoatomic/noble gases)

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

What are the gases of the periodic table? (diatomic)

H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂

F₂ and Cl₂ are in group 17. 

What are the metalloids of the periodic table?

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te

What are the elements on the metalloid staircase that aren’t considered metalloids?

Al, Po, At (Po and At are sometimes considered metalloids, but in this class we will say that they aren’t)

Metalloids have properties of…

Both metals and nonmetals

What is the only radioactive noble gas? Why aren’t the other noble gases reactive?

Rn (radon)

The rest aren’t reactive because they already have a full outer shell (except for helium), they do not need to gain/lose an electron.

What is the most reactive nonmetal?

F (fluorine)

What is the most reactive metal?

Fr (francium)

Metals and nonmetals are…

direct opposites.

As you move down any group of metals, they…

get more reactive because they want to get rid of their last valence electrons

The farther away a valence electron is…

the easier it is to remove. 

What are the transition metals?

Groups 3-12

Electron shells fill up to more than 8

Many have more than one oxidation state

They give you colored solutions.

What are radioactive elements?

Elements 43, 84 and above

They are elements with no stable isotope

What does it mean if an element has a 0 ion?

It isn’t reactive. 

Some elements have multiple ions written in their box. Which ion do you write down?

The first one. 

What is an allotrope?

Different versions of the same element

What do multiple allotropes of the same element have in common?

The atomic number. Everything else about them is different

What are the allotropes we need to know about Oxygen?

O₂ (what we breathe) and O₃ (in the Ozone Layer)

What are the allotropes we need to know about Carbon?

Coal, graphite, and diamonds. All are made of pure carbon

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals have high/low electronegativity.

low electronegativity.

They want to get rid of electrons, not gain one

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals have high/low electronegativity.

high electronegativity.

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals only form positive/negative ions.

positive ions.

This is because they lose their valence electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals only form positive/negative ions. Why?

negative ions.

This is because they gain electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. They have a high number of valence electrons and a high electronegativity.

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals have a high/low conduction of heat and electricity.

high conduction of heat and electricity.

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals have a high/low conduction of heat and electricity.

low conduction of heat and electricity.

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals have high/low ionization energy. 

low ionization energy.

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals have high/low ionization energy. 

high ionization energy.

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals are ductile and malleable/brittle.

ductile and malleable.

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals are ductile and malleable/brittle. 

brittle.

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals have high/low densities, melting points, and boiling points. 

high densities, melting points, and boiling points

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals have high/low densities, melting points, and boiling points.

low densities, melting points, and boiling points.

Metals vs nonmetals

All metals are solids but…

Mercury.

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals are lustrous/not lustrous.

lustrous.

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals are lustrous/not lustrous.

not lustrous.

Metals vs nonmetals

Metals will/will not react with acid to produce hydrogen

will react.

Metals vs nonmetals

Nonmetals will/will not react with acid to produce hydrogen.

will not react.

A trend going down is…

opposite of going across

Which one decreases across a period and increases down a group - metallic character or electronegativity?

Metallic character

Which one increases across a period and decreases down a group - metallic character or electronegativity?

Electronegativity

Which one decreases across a period and increases down a group - ionization energy or atomic radius?

Atomic radius

Which one increases across a period and decreases down a group - ionization energy or atomic radius?

Ionization energy

Reactivity increases down which group of metals: groups 1-2 or group 17?

Groups 1-2

Reactivity decreases down which group of metals: groups 1-2 or group 17?

Group 17

What is electronegativity?

It determines what kind of bond you get. Measures how much an element “wants” an electron. Measurement: .9 - 4.0 (low-high).

Which one has the highest electronegativity: 2-8-8-1 or 2-7-8?

2-7-8

The more reactive an element gets, the more/less electronegativity it gets.

Ex: F, the most reactive.

more

What is ionization energy?

The amount of energy needed to remove an element’s most loosely bound valence electron.

It decreases down a group because valence electrons are further away from the positive nucleus that they are attracted to, making them easier to remove. They are also shielded by the inner electrons.

It increases across a period because the number of valence electrons increases, resulting in greater attraction to the nucleus, so electrons are harder to remove.

What is atomic radius?

The size of an atom. 

It increases when going down a group because there are more energy shells. 

It decreases across a period because of increased nuclear charge. The nucleus pulls the electrons in. 

Iron has a melting point of 1538^oC and a boiling point of 2862^oC. Its current temperature is 25^oC. What is the property of matter of the iron?

Solid

Iron has a melting point of 1538^oC and a boiling point of 2862^oC. Its current temperature is 2000^oC. What is the property of matter of the iron?

Liquid

Iron has a melting point of 1538^oC and a boiling point of 2862^oC. Its current temperature is 3000^oC. What is the property of matter of the iron?

Gas