Middle East Test Review
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44 Terms
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2 main river systems
Tigris and Euphrates
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Maghreb
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* North Africa
* Mauritania to Egypt
* ‘African Transition Zone’
* North Africa
* Mauritania to Egypt
* ‘African Transition Zone’
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Religion
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* 5 pillars of faith
* Fasting for a month (Ramadan)
* Giving Alms (giving back to the community)
* Daily prayer
* 5x a day
* Facing Mecca
* 5 pillars of faith
* Fasting for a month (Ramadan)
* Giving Alms (giving back to the community)
* Daily prayer
* 5x a day
* Facing Mecca
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Hajj
* Pilgrimage to Mecca once in your lifetime (if possible)
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* Expressing devotion to the faith and the values of Islam
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* Expressing devotion to the faith and the values of Islam
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Sunni
Muslims who believe that anyone who was a devout follower of Muhammad could become the next prophet
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Shi’ite
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* Muslims who believe only blood relatives of Muhammad could be the next prophet
* Muslims who believe only blood relatives of Muhammad could be the next prophet
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Secular
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* Non religious
* Government is not based on religion
* Non religious
* Government is not based on religion
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Non-Secular
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* Religious influence
* Government - theocracy
* Religious influence
* Government - theocracy
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Fundamentalism
Form of religion that upholds the strict literal meaning of scripture
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OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
* Purpose of OPEC
oil cartel formed by a number of producing countries with common economic interests through the formation of joint pricing policies and limitation of market options for consumers.
oil cartel formed by a number of producing countries with common economic interests through the formation of joint pricing policies and limitation of market options for consumers.
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How oil has changed the world
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* NASWA governments and private businesses have invested heavily in quantities of oil generated wealth, buying financial securities, as well as prestigious hotels and upscale properties creating international links which allows NASWA countries to promote islamic growth in foreign countries.
* Foreign involvement on Islamic soil is often unwelcome by the people of the nations to the point that in Saudi Arabia, public opinion forced the regime to negotiate the departure of American troops in 2003.
* Oil and gas revenue is often utilized by Islamic regimes to support muslim communities and mosques along with other cultural centers throughout the world with Saudi Arabia being the nation to spend the most money on it.
* NASWA governments and private businesses have invested heavily in quantities of oil generated wealth, buying financial securities, as well as prestigious hotels and upscale properties creating international links which allows NASWA countries to promote islamic growth in foreign countries.
* Foreign involvement on Islamic soil is often unwelcome by the people of the nations to the point that in Saudi Arabia, public opinion forced the regime to negotiate the departure of American troops in 2003.
* Oil and gas revenue is often utilized by Islamic regimes to support muslim communities and mosques along with other cultural centers throughout the world with Saudi Arabia being the nation to spend the most money on it.
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Israel/Palestine
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* Creation of Israel
* On May 14th, 1948 the UN creates the state of Israel based on what happened in WWII
* Creation of Israel
* On May 14th, 1948 the UN creates the state of Israel based on what happened in WWII
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Hamas
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* A Palestinian and Sunni political and military organization based out of Israel. Political Party in control of the gaza strip.
* U.S. recognized it as a terrorist group
* A Palestinian and Sunni political and military organization based out of Israel. Political Party in control of the gaza strip.
* U.S. recognized it as a terrorist group
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Hezbollah
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* Shia political and military group based out of Lebanon
* Shia political and military group based out of Lebanon
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Intifada
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* Translates to uprising
* Used by Palestine
* It is a shift in strategy from warfare to guerilla and urban warfare
There is terrorism and Israel responds by firing missiles
* Translates to uprising
* Used by Palestine
* It is a shift in strategy from warfare to guerilla and urban warfare
There is terrorism and Israel responds by firing missiles
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Six day war results
Israel took the Sinai peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights
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West Bank
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* had the potential to become a Palestinian territory until the heavy stream of jewish immigrants that moved into the area deliberately to keep it as part of Israel. (similar to russification)
* Israel built the security fence in most of West Bank in order to end suicide terrorist infiltrations, however this divdied many homes since it went through several Palestinian fields. The Palestinian people demanded the wall be taken down however Israel only responded by having the Palestinian Authorities control the terrorists.
* had the potential to become a Palestinian territory until the heavy stream of jewish immigrants that moved into the area deliberately to keep it as part of Israel. (similar to russification)
* Israel built the security fence in most of West Bank in order to end suicide terrorist infiltrations, however this divdied many homes since it went through several Palestinian fields. The Palestinian people demanded the wall be taken down however Israel only responded by having the Palestinian Authorities control the terrorists.
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Gaza Strip
Israel took from Egypt had been the cause of an Israeli attack in 2009 because when Israel withdrew from Gaza in 2005 rockets from Egypt had been smuggled across the Gaza-Egyptian border and fell on Israel. Israel in response launched an attack in 2009 killing innocent people in Gaza.
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Golan Heights
the main water reservoir of Israel and have caused tension between Israel and Syria who want the land back.
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Sinai Peninsula
* After the 6-Day War, Sinai was one of the places Israel took
1978 Camp David Accords - Egypt recognizes Israel and Israel returns Sinai
1978 Camp David Accords - Egypt recognizes Israel and Israel returns Sinai
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Saddam Hussein
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* Dictator of Iraq
* 1979-2003
* Within the first couple months of power creates his cabinet and brings them to an open hall where armed police line the rows and makes the people “plotting his assassination” stand and has them arrested and the rest of his cabinet were given handguns and made to execute the people who were called.
* Created fear
* Caused the rest of the politicians to be complicit in the crime
* Dictator of Iraq
* 1979-2003
* Within the first couple months of power creates his cabinet and brings them to an open hall where armed police line the rows and makes the people “plotting his assassination” stand and has them arrested and the rest of his cabinet were given handguns and made to execute the people who were called.
* Created fear
* Caused the rest of the politicians to be complicit in the crime
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Iran-Iraq War
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* Saddam is in debt at the end of the war to;
* His soldiers
* Neighboring Kuwait
* U.S. supported Iraq in this war
* Towards the end of the war Saddam used chemical weapons against the kurds up north
* Halabja - killed 30,000 people in north Iraq
* In the future the U.S. gives Saddam Hussein back to the Kurds who execute him
* Saddam is in debt at the end of the war to;
* His soldiers
* Neighboring Kuwait
* U.S. supported Iraq in this war
* Towards the end of the war Saddam used chemical weapons against the kurds up north
* Halabja - killed 30,000 people in north Iraq
* In the future the U.S. gives Saddam Hussein back to the Kurds who execute him
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Invasion of Kuwait
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* Invades Kuwait in order to gain wealth and pay off his debts
* To make sure his soldiers to get payment
* U.S. gets involved when Saudi Arabia asks for help
* Invades Kuwait in order to gain wealth and pay off his debts
* To make sure his soldiers to get payment
* U.S. gets involved when Saudi Arabia asks for help
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* Persian Gulf war
* Persian Gulf war
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* U.S. fights against Iraq to free and liberate Kuwait
* Saddam lines the Persian Gulf with sea mines and gets the Navy through without hitting any of the sea mines
* They trained dolphins
* The U.S. air force bombs escaping Iraqis
* The U.S. did not pursue the Iraqi military into Iraq and did not overthrow Saddam Hussein
* The U.S. does not leave Saudi Arabia and keeps military bases against the govt. and peoples will
* U.S. fights against Iraq to free and liberate Kuwait
* Saddam lines the Persian Gulf with sea mines and gets the Navy through without hitting any of the sea mines
* They trained dolphins
* The U.S. air force bombs escaping Iraqis
* The U.S. did not pursue the Iraqi military into Iraq and did not overthrow Saddam Hussein
* The U.S. does not leave Saudi Arabia and keeps military bases against the govt. and peoples will
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Iraq War 2003-2012
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* 2003 - U.S. invaded Iraq because they claimed Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction and is going to sell them to Osama Bin-Laden and Saddam Hussein allowed Bin-Laden to set up Al-Qaeda bases in Iraq
* Both claims were false
* 2003 - U.S. invaded Iraq because they claimed Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction and is going to sell them to Osama Bin-Laden and Saddam Hussein allowed Bin-Laden to set up Al-Qaeda bases in Iraq
* Both claims were false
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Kurds
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* Towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war Saddam used chemical weapons against the kurds up north in Iraq
* Halabja - killed 30,000 people in north Iraq
* In the future the U.S. gives Saddam Hussein back to the Kurds who execute him
* Towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war Saddam used chemical weapons against the kurds up north in Iraq
* Halabja - killed 30,000 people in north Iraq
* In the future the U.S. gives Saddam Hussein back to the Kurds who execute him
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ISIS formation
ISIS was formed in order to get equal rights back for the Sunni population after the Kurds came into power after Hussein was executed
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Ayatollah
* \
* A strict Islamic fundamentalist leader
* Theocratic dictator
* A strict Islamic fundamentalist leader
* Theocratic dictator
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Shah
* \
* King
* Pro-western
* King
* Pro-western
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Ayatollah Khomenei
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* The person the Iranian people wanted in power
* Lived in France due to being exiled by the Shah
* In 1979 he goes back to the country and the Shah ends up leaving the country leaving Khomeini in power
* Requested the extradition of the Shah from the U.S. which was refused
* Emboldens uni. students in Iran to storm the U.S. embassy and take the U.S. embassies hostage and would parade them around
* The hostages were not tortured or harmed
* Held for 444 days in Iran
* Enabled by future president Ahmadinejad
* Iran and Iraq go to war and the U.S. supports Iraq to get their hostages back
* The person the Iranian people wanted in power
* Lived in France due to being exiled by the Shah
* In 1979 he goes back to the country and the Shah ends up leaving the country leaving Khomeini in power
* Requested the extradition of the Shah from the U.S. which was refused
* Emboldens uni. students in Iran to storm the U.S. embassy and take the U.S. embassies hostage and would parade them around
* The hostages were not tortured or harmed
* Held for 444 days in Iran
* Enabled by future president Ahmadinejad
* Iran and Iraq go to war and the U.S. supports Iraq to get their hostages back
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Ayatollah Khamenei
* 1989 - present
* Causes and Results of 1979 revolution
* Causes and Results of 1979 revolution
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Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
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* 1941-1979
* Ally of the U.S.
* Causes revolution from the people in order to be rid of western influence and wanted an islamic country
* 1941-1979
* Ally of the U.S.
* Causes revolution from the people in order to be rid of western influence and wanted an islamic country
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Islamic republic
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* Doesn’t necessarily mean a country’s government is a theocracy or overly religious
* The term has been used for both theocratic governments and for governments that position between a purely Islamic state and a secular republic
* Iran’s official name - **Islamic Republic of Iran**
* Doesn’t necessarily mean a country’s government is a theocracy or overly religious
* The term has been used for both theocratic governments and for governments that position between a purely Islamic state and a secular republic
* Iran’s official name - **Islamic Republic of Iran**
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* causes and results of Twitter Revolution/Green Revolution
* causes and results of Twitter Revolution/Green Revolution
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* Revolution was caused by the rigged election when Ahmadinejad’s victory speech was aired in the middle of the election day
* The revolution was unsuccessful in getting rid of the Ayatollah
* The govt. hired people to shoot at the crowds responding in force
* The govt. does agree to hold a new election
* It sets the stage for the Arab Spring Rebellion in 2011 across the Maghreb in the middle east
* The Ayatollah says the protests are the youth giving up islam and are protesting god. The youth makes green; the color of islam, the official color of the revolution
* Revolution was caused by the rigged election when Ahmadinejad’s victory speech was aired in the middle of the election day
* The revolution was unsuccessful in getting rid of the Ayatollah
* The govt. hired people to shoot at the crowds responding in force
* The govt. does agree to hold a new election
* It sets the stage for the Arab Spring Rebellion in 2011 across the Maghreb in the middle east
* The Ayatollah says the protests are the youth giving up islam and are protesting god. The youth makes green; the color of islam, the official color of the revolution
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2010-2015 Arab Spring (Despot)
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* A ruler who holds absolute power
* Typically a tyrant
* A ruler who holds absolute power
* Typically a tyrant
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2010-2015 Arab Spring (Where it Occurred)
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* Tunisia
* Egypt
* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Libya
* Yemen
* Syria
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* Tunisia
* Egypt
* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Libya
* Yemen
* Syria
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2010-2015 Arab Spring (Reasons for protest)
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* High unemployment
* Food inflation
* Corruption
* High unemployment
* Food inflation
* Corruption
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2010-2015 Arab Spring (Excuses made by dictators)
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* The Ayatollah says the protests are the youth giving up islam and are protesting god. The youth makes green; the color of islam, the official color of the revolution
* The Ayatollah says the protests are the youth giving up islam and are protesting god. The youth makes green; the color of islam, the official color of the revolution
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2010-2015 Arab Spring (Jasmine Revolution)
A revolution against the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali because of their continuous harassment towards Tunisian people.
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Shortcomings of the protests
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* after kicking out dictators the people have no plan for who is to lead after the dictator
* Leaving them vulnerable for another dictatorship
* after kicking out dictators the people have no plan for who is to lead after the dictator
* Leaving them vulnerable for another dictatorship
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Afghanistan (Taliban)
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* Ruling party in Afghanistan from 1996-2001
* 2021-present
* Renamed the country to the “Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan”
* Initially only recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and U.A.E.
* Marginalized women;
* No high heels, make up, or bright clothing
* Women must not speak loudly in public
* Women may not appear in newspapers, books, tv, radio,
* Not allowed education after 8-10 years of age
* Only allowed to study the Qur’an
* Were forbidden to appear on the balconies of their apartments or houses
* Carried out brutal punishments;
* Often carried out in public
* Fingers were cut off for nail polish
* Lashes or beatings for showing ankles
* Imprisonment, torture, execution for educating women and the beating of all children
* Stoning for adultery
* Years of imprisonment and torture and then execution for murder
* Islamist militia that emerged from madrassas in Pakistan
* Means “students” or “seekers of religion”
* Provided refuge and refused to extradite Bin-Laden
* Ruling party in Afghanistan from 1996-2001
* 2021-present
* Renamed the country to the “Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan”
* Initially only recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and U.A.E.
* Marginalized women;
* No high heels, make up, or bright clothing
* Women must not speak loudly in public
* Women may not appear in newspapers, books, tv, radio,
* Not allowed education after 8-10 years of age
* Only allowed to study the Qur’an
* Were forbidden to appear on the balconies of their apartments or houses
* Carried out brutal punishments;
* Often carried out in public
* Fingers were cut off for nail polish
* Lashes or beatings for showing ankles
* Imprisonment, torture, execution for educating women and the beating of all children
* Stoning for adultery
* Years of imprisonment and torture and then execution for murder
* Islamist militia that emerged from madrassas in Pakistan
* Means “students” or “seekers of religion”
* Provided refuge and refused to extradite Bin-Laden
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Afghanistan (Al-Qaeda)
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* Terrorist organization that expanded into a global network under Osama Bin-Laden
* Mid-1990s-2011
* Sought to coordinate efforts of loosely allied muslim revolutions in order to unleash a jihad or “holy war” against Islams “enemies” in the west
* Afghanistan became it’s headquarters
* Exploits were funded by several islamic sources and ranged from terrorist training in local camps to deadly attacks on American targets ie. 9/11
* Terrorist organization that expanded into a global network under Osama Bin-Laden
* Mid-1990s-2011
* Sought to coordinate efforts of loosely allied muslim revolutions in order to unleash a jihad or “holy war” against Islams “enemies” in the west
* Afghanistan became it’s headquarters
* Exploits were funded by several islamic sources and ranged from terrorist training in local camps to deadly attacks on American targets ie. 9/11
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Migrant Labor (Kafala System)
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* Modern day form of slavery
* Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh immigrants are recruited into the kafala system to work in the middle east
* Representatives from private companies go and set up recruiting agencies and offer jobs to people with the promise of them making more money in the middle east than in their home country
* A system that states that the employer will loan and pay for the employee and provide the worker with a job and part of their income will go back to the employer
* Modern day form of slavery
* Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh immigrants are recruited into the kafala system to work in the middle east
* Representatives from private companies go and set up recruiting agencies and offer jobs to people with the promise of them making more money in the middle east than in their home country
* A system that states that the employer will loan and pay for the employee and provide the worker with a job and part of their income will go back to the employer
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Challenges migrant workers face
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* Once employees get to the country they lose their passports and get a list of bills they need to pay
* Fees come out equal to the money that they are earning
* Not able to send money back to their families and are not making enough money
* Can’t go home because they don’t have their passport
* Once employees get to the country they lose their passports and get a list of bills they need to pay
* Fees come out equal to the money that they are earning
* Not able to send money back to their families and are not making enough money
* Can’t go home because they don’t have their passport