Reading Quiz 3

Biological Pump

Oceans mechanism for transferring nutrients from the atmosphere into the deep sea

Individual

mating system

the general pattern of copulatory partners for each sex over the course of a breeding system

monogamy

having one male and one female as partners

genetic diversity

polygyny

The system associated with the greatest variation in male mating success

polyandry

a female has more than one male partner

direct fitness

measures the genetic contribution an individual makes to the next generation by producing surviving offspring

indirect fitness

measures the genetic contribution an individual makes to the next generation by enhancing the production or survival of genetic relatives

inclusive fitness

the sum of its direct and indirect fitness

eusocial

truly social, ex. bees, one female produces offspring and the rest care for them

haplodiploid

produce haploid offspring that develop into males or diploid offspring that develop into females ex. bees

prisoner’s dilemma

two parties in a are separated and can’t communicate and either have to decide to act in their own self interest or in the groups interest

tit for tat

cooperating for the first interaction and then doing whatever the other player does in future interactions

endangered species

a species at risk of extinction

life history traits

adaptations that influence growth, development, survivorship, and a variety of other reproductive parameters for individuals of a particular species

carrying capacity

the maximum population size that can be supported or sustained by the environment

per captia growth rate

a measure of how fast a population can grow

r-selected species

those with potentially high reproductive rates, most successful in unpredictable environments

k-selected species

have greater competitive ability, have fewer offspring that can survive and reproduce in a high competitive environment

resting metabolic rates

the amount of energy used by an organism over a period of time while at rest in a thermally neutral environment

reproductive effort

the amount of resources an organism allocates to a reproductive event

iteroparous

having multiple reproductive events over the course of a lifetime, ex humans

semelparous

only having one reproductive event over the course of lifetime ex. salmon

predator saturation

the prey population is so high predators can’t eat them all

population density

the measure of organisms living in a square mile

fecundity

average number of offspring produced

demography

the quantitative study of the size and structure of populations and how they change over time

phenotypic plasticity

an ability to change phenotypes in response to different environments

phenology

the study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life.

interbirth interval

the period of time between who consecutive births

recruitment

the addition of new individuals to the population

duspersion

spatial pattern of distribution of individuals within a population

clumped dispersion

clustered groups

random dispersion

an equal probability for individuals to occupy any given space in the habitat

uniform (regular) dispersion

an even spread of individuals

Dispersal

the movement of individuals from one location to another location

migration

the back-and-forth intentional movement of individuals or populations between two locations

mark-reacapture study

capturing individuals or groups in one place of their distribution and then recapturing them in another

serotiny

a plants ability to retain its seeds until an environmental event such as fire makes them release

invasive species

a non-native species that is introduced into a new habitat

niche

the set of environmental conditions and patterns of resource availability, in which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce

fundamental niche

the potential set of environmental conditions and resources in which species can survive, grow, and reproduce

realized niche

the set of environmental conditions and resources in which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce in the presence of predators

anadromous

an organism that spends its life at sea and moves into freshwater to breed

speciation

the production of a new species from a preexisting one

Coevolution

the concept that two or more species can reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other

directional selection

process in which natural selection favors the evolution of one extreme phenotype

natural selection

processes that determine which individuals within a species are most likely to reproduce and pass their genes and traits to the next generation