STATS - MODULE 2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION & METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION

Data Collection

It is ONE OF THE PROCESSES in conducting studies.

• Without data, we cannot make our analysis & answer our research questions.

• Collecting data can be done in various ways.

Direct or Interview Method

DIO - RED

This method is usually USED TO COLLECT DATA FROM A BIG GROUP of people.

• Here, the respondents answer questions through a SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE IN A WRITTEN MANNER.

Indirect or Questionnaire Method

DIO - RED

This method can also be in ELECTRONIC FORM.

Observation

DIO - RED

Where one USES HIS SENSES TO COLLECT data.

• i.e people's behavior including but not limited to facial expressions, hand gestures, body movement, and stimulus response.

Registration

DIO - RED

This can be seen DURING SCHOOL ENROLLMENT applications.

• Method is usually used when one intends to collect personal data from people.

Experimentation

In this method, one collects data by APPLYING DIFFERENT TREATMENTS of a variable to see its effect on other variables.

• A researcher wants tobdiscover the cause and effect relationship between two or more variables.

Documents

DIO - RED

Data in this method can be COLLECTED THROUGH THE USE OF PUBLISHED JOURNALS, BOOKS, articles, anecdotes, newspapers, and magazines.

Primary Data

TYPES OF DATA

It is OBTAINED FROM THE ORIGINAL SOURCE of data.

• First-hand in nature such as interviews and surveys

Secondary Data

TYPES OF DATA

It is the data OBTAINED FROM UNPUBLISHED OR PUBLISHED SOURCES of data such as journals and books.

Textual method

Methods of Data Presentation

A method of PRESENTING DATA USING STATEMENTS.

Tabular Method

A method of PRESENTING DATA USING TABLES.

• i.e is the frequency distribution table.

Qualitative

TYPES OF FDT

It is a frequency distribution where data are GROUPED ACCORDING TO SOME QUALITATIVE characteristics.

Quantitative

TYPES OF FDT

It is a frequency distrbution where DATA ARE GROUPED ACCORDING TO SOME QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS.

Graphical Method

This is a METHOD OF PRESENTING DATA (charts and graphs)

• It simplifies concepts that would otherwise have b3n expressed in so many words.

• It allows us to draw conclusions based on the patterns and relationships that cannot be easily seen.

Graph

It is a DEVICE FOR SHOWING VALUES or relationships in pictorial form.

• Also known as CHART.

• Use this to attract the attention and interest of the readers.

Line Chart

LOFF PCS

It is a graphical representation of data that is useful when SHOWING TRENDS FOR A PERIOD OF TIME.

Ogives

LOFF PCS

It is a LINE CHART that is constructed by plotting the cumulative frequencies at THE TRUE CLASS BOUNDARIES.

Frequency Polygon

A line chart that is constructed by PLOTTING THE FREQUENCIES at the class marks, and USING STRAIGHT LINES TO CONNECT THE POINTS.

Frequency Histogram

USED FOR QUANTITATIVE CONTINUOUS DATA where the classes are in horizontal axis, and the frequency are displayed in the vertical axis.

• A graph like bar graph

Pie Chart

It is A CIRCULAR GRAPH that is useful when showing a partition among the data.

Column and Bar Graph

It is a graph that represents data USING RECTANGULAR BARS whose height are the values that they represent.

Scatter Graph

A graph USED TO SHOW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 VARIABLES in a Cartesian coordinate plane.