BIO Lecture Exam II UwU

What are the subunits from which ATP is formed?

Adenosine Triphosphate (3 phosphate groups) 

What does active transport require?

ATP

The sum of chemical reactions in a cell constitutes its _____

Metabolism

The function of sunlight in photosynthesis is to? 

Provide energy

What is fermentation

enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen (only produces 2 ATP in glycolysis without oxygen)

Why are plants green?

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light & reflects a green color.

The majority of carbon dioxide we exhale is produced in what process?

The citric acid cycle in cellular respiration

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol 

What is osmosis?

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane (passive transport)

What process is responsible for moving large cellular products & wastes across the cell membrane & out of the cell?

Exocytosis

What process produces alcohol or lactate?

Fermentation

The first reaction in the citric acid cycle binds which molecules together?

Binds Acetyl CoA (produced from pyruvate) to Oxaloacetate to form citrate

In terms of enzymes, what is an induced fit? Do substrates fit perfectly with enzymes without it?

The enzyme will slightly change shape to fit substrate better. No substrates don’t fit perfectly without it.

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics? What is some of the useful energy lost as whenever an energy transfer occurs? 

Some energy is lost as heat when transferred.

What are the end products of photosynthesis?

Glucose (C6H12O6) & Oxygen (O2)

Which 2 organelles are involved in the redox cycle with one another with photosynthesis & cellular respiration? 

Mitochondria & Chloroplast

The final electron acceptor in glycolysis is _____ & this step will occur within the matrix of the mitochondria 

Final electron acceptor is NAD+

In the reaction NAD ——> NADH, the NAD is oxidized or reduced?

Reduced bc it gains electrons (OIL RIG)

What are examples of CAM plants?

Cacti, Pineapple, & Succulents

Which channel protein assists the passage of water across the cell membrane

Aquaporins

How do various conditions affect the activity of an enzyme?

temperature & pH: affect shape

Substrate & enzyme concentration: affect reaction rate

inhibitors & activators: affect enzyme function 

Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to? 

harness the energy released to drive endergonic processes.

____ Is a product of the Calvin cycle that is used to form glucose phosphate, amino acids, or fatty acids.

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

Protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems II & I. What will happen to these protons next? 

The protons go through the stoma, driving ATP production

Red blood cells come in many "blood types" including type A, type B, type AB, type O
[lacking proteins A and B], Rh positive, Rh negative [lacking Rh+], and many others. If
blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or "foreign" proteins. Where are these
blood type proteins?

Antigens (glycoproteins) are found in the outer surface of red blood cell membranes.

What is the ultimate destination for the energized electrons during the light reactions of
photosynthesis?

Goes to NADP+ & is reduced to NADPH

What affects whether or not a molecule can cross the plasma membrane?

size, polarity, charge, concentration gradient, and whether a transport protein is available.

The fixation of carbon dioxide in the first step of the Calvin cycle is facilitated by which
enzyme?

RuBisCO

What will happen to a celery stick that is placed in a glass of water?

It becomes firm & crisp again because of osmosis.

Enzyme _____________ is the process that turns off an enzyme in a metabolic pathway. One way this can happen is for the end product of the pathway to act as an inhibitor.

Feedback Inhibition (non-competitive inhibitors)

The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon
_________ molecule, which forms a six-carbon molecule that breaks down into two 3PG
molecules.

RuBP (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

What happens during the energy investment vs. energy harvesting steps of glycolysis?

Energy investment: 2 ATP used

Energy payoff: 4 ATP made (total gain 2)

What parts of the phospholipid bilayer are hydrophobic? Hydrophilic?

Head= Hydrophilic

Tail= Hydrophobic 

The membrane protein _____ will catalyze the reaction ADP + P ATP as H+ flow down a
gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix.

ATP Synthase

The process by which a white blood cell or an amoeba engulfs bacteria is called

phagocytosis 

Which process produces both NADH and FADH2?

Citric acid cycle

What is the correct sequence for aerobic metabolic breakdown of glucose?

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidization, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport chain) 

Photorespiration occurs mainly in what type of plants?

C3 plants (wheat, soybeans, rice)

To what does the term grana refer?

Stacks of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast

Some desert beetles can live without ever drinking liquid water. They survive on "metabolic
water," which is water formed from what?

metabolic water is formed during cellular respiration when O combines with H2 from glucose or fats (oxidizing)