Radiation Biology Chapter One Questions

X-rays are a form of nonionzing radiation.

False (x-rays are a form of ionizing radiation)

The milisievert (mSv) is the SI subunit of EfD.

True

The ability of x rays to cause injury in normal biologic tissue just became apparent recently.

False (Since the early 1900s they have been known to cause injury)

A threshold exists from radiation-induced malignant disease.

False (No threshold exists for radiation-induced malignant disease)

BERT is based on an annual U.S. population exposure of approximately 1 mSV per year.

False (3mSv/yr)

Diagnostic efficacy provides basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified.

True

The basic principles of time, distance, and shielding can be applied for the safety of both the patient and radiographer.

True

Radiation made by humans is more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation.

False (The danger is the same)

Humans are not continuously exposed to sources of ionization radiation.

False (Humans are continuously exposed)

BERT Is a method of explaining radiation to the public

True

Radiologic technologist and radiologist are educated in the safe operation of radiation-producing imaging equipment. .

True

After ordering an x ray examination or procedure, the referring physician must accept basic responsibility for protecting the patient from nonuseful radiation exposure.

True

Its the responsibility of referring physician to provide the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program in a health care facility.

False (It is the employer's responsibility)

A health care facility must have written policy statement describing the Radiation Safety Program. The statement must also identify the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure ALARA and must be available to all employees in workplace.

True

In general terms, risk can be defined as probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity.

True

BERT implies risk from radiation exposure

False (BERT does not imply risk from radiation exposure; it is simply a means of comparison)

The Joint Commission specifies that all equipment that uses ionizing radiation be regularly tested by qualified personnel and properly maintained.

True

NEXT stands for Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends

True

Production of high energy x-ray photons is a consequence of ionization in human cells.

False (Production of low-energy photons is a consequence of ionization in human cells)

Radiation produced from an x-ray tube is an example of controllable radiant energy.

True

Various methods of radiation protection may be applied to ensure safety for persons employed in radiation industries, including medicine, and for population at large.

True

If a radiographer makes an error in selecting technical radiographic exposure factors for specific projection of an anatomic body part, the projection can be repeated without an increase in radiation dose for the patient and a potential dose increase for the radiographer

False (Repeated with increase in radiation dose)

Most patients are unaware that most of their background radiation comes from natural radioactivity in their own body.

True

Diagnostic efficacy is not an important part of radiation protection in the healing arts.

False (Diagnostic efficacy is an important part)

Radiology departments or individual techs, can "pledge" to image gently

True

Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

-Radiation Phobia

-BERT

-ALARA

-Radiation Protection

Radiation Protection

The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient while adhering to radiation safety guidelines

-Biologic effects

-Diagnostic Efficacy

-Radiation Protection

-Production of Free Radicals

Diagnostic Efficacy

A subunit of the sievert (Sv) equal to 1/1000 of a Sv

-BERT

-Sv

-Millisievert (mSv)

-ESE

Millisievert (mSv)

Can damage living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation

-Radiation-induced cancer

-Diagnostic efficacy

-Ionizing Radiation

- Adverse Biologic Effects

Adverse Biologic effects

Makes patients feel that they are active participants in their own health care

-Ensuring the highest quality of service

-Distance

-Optimization for radiation protection

-Appropriate and effective communication

Appropriate and effective communication

In the medical industry with reference to the utilization of ionizing radiation, the possibility of inducing adverse biologic effects such as injury to the skin or induction of cancer or a genetic defect after irradiation

-Risk

-Biologic Effects

-Radiation-induced cancer

-Radiation Phobia

Risk

A disease process that does not appear to have a fixed threshold

-Risk

-Radiation-induced cancer

-Biologic effects

-BERT

Radiation-induced cancer

A partnership of medical societies whose overall common purpose is to reduce the radiation dose for pediatric patients

-The NEXT program

-Radiation Safety officer

-The Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging

-BERT

The Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging

Individual expressly charged by the hospital administration with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program.

-radiation safety officer

-radiation protection

-maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure

-radiologic technologist

Radiation safety officer

SI unit of measure for the radiation quantity, "absorbed dose"

-mSv

-RSO

-mGy

-ESE

mGy

Method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure of any part of the body with natural background radiation received over a specified period, such as days, weeks, months, or years

-ALARA

-BERT

-TRACE program

-ESE

BERT

Produces electrically charged particles (ions) along their path when passing through normal matter

-Ionizing radiation

-BERT

-Production free radicals

-Diagnostic efficacy

ionizing radiation

Type of approach in patient care that has gained an increasing awareness in years

-RSO

-Team approach

-mGy

-The NEXT program

Team approach

Year in which x-ray was discovered

-1845

-1895

-1989

-2004

1895

Requires monitoring of patient dose in CT and in interventional procedures

-ESE

-The Joint Commission

-RSO

-BERT

The Joint Commission

Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable

ALARA

Responsibility of facilities and radiographers that provide imaging services

-appropriate and effective communication

-need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure

-to provide high quality imaging services

-radiation protection

To provide high quality imaging services

A consequence of ionization in human cells

-biologic effects

-radiation-induced cancer

-creation of highly free reactive molecules (radicals) capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell

-ESE

Creation of highly free reactive molecules (radicals) capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell

Base on strong evidence that living tissue of animals and humans can be determined by exposure to ionizing radiation

-Radiation phobia

-Justification for reduction of unnecessary radiation exposure

-ensuring the highest quality of service

-ALARA

Justification for reduction of unnecessary radiation exposure

Fear of being exposed to radiation

-biologic effects

-ALARA

-radiation phobia

Radiation phobia

Have the responsibility to select technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure to patients and themselves

-RSO

-radiologic technologist

-TRACE program

Radiologic technologist

Usually based on large-scale surveys of actual measurements of x-ray machines in hospitals

-Acceptable reference values of patient dose

-ALARA

-BERT

Acceptable reference values of patient dose

Conducted by the FDA and the Conference of Radiation Control Directors to provide numerical data on systems as they exist in the United States as of the date of the latest survey

-The NEXT program

-ALARA

-BERT

The NEXT program

One of the three cardinal principles of radiation protection

-Distance.

-Clothing

-Glasses

Distance

Term that is synonymous with the acronym ALARA

-BERT

-optimization for radiation protection

-radiation protection

-diagnotic efficacy

Optimization for radiation protection

Radiation exposure received by persons not employed in the medical imaging profession (patients, general public) (Bonus)

-nonoccupational doses

-radiation protection

-ESE

-radiation phobia

nonoccupational doses

Usually based on large scale surveys of actual measurements of x-ray machines in hospitals (Bonus)

acceptable reference values of patient dose

Conducted by the FDA and the Conference of Radiation Control Directors to provide numerical data on systems as they exist in the United States as of the date of the latest survey (Bonus)

The NEXT program

Introduction and implementation of this program in a Medical Imaging Department can lead to greater radiation safety through patient and community education. (Bonus)

-TRACE programs

-BERT

-ALARA

-Risk

TRACE program

One of the three basic principles of radiation protection. (Bonus)

-Radiation protection

-Shielding

-Ionizing radiation

-Risk

shielding

Which of the following increases radiation exposure to the patient and potentially to the radiographer?

A. Production of optimal quality images with the first exposure

B. Use of appropriate radiation protection procedures

C. Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness

D. Limited radiographic examinations, as ordered by the radiologist

C

To implement an effective radiation safety program in a facility that provides imaging services, the employer must provide all of the following execpt:

A. An appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program and the necessary resources to support the program

B. X-ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high milliamperage

C. A written policy that describes the ALARA program and identifies management's commitment to keeping all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable

D. Periodic exposure audits to determine ways to lower radiation exposure in the workplace

B

Radiation has been present on earth in all of its various manifestations since the:

A. beginning of time

B. fourteenth century

C. eighteenth century

D. twentieth century

A

Both patient and imaging personnel radiation doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when:

A. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable

B. Referring physicians stop ordering imaging procedures

C. Orders for imaging procedures are determined only by medical insurance companies

D. Patients assume sole responsibility for ordering their imaging procedures

A

How can humans safely control the use of radiant energy?

1. By using knowledge of radiation-induced hazards that have been gained over many years

2. By employing effective methods to limit or eliminate radiation-induced hazards

3. By completely eliminating the use of radiation in the healing arts

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2, and 3

A

In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited, thereby:

A. Completely eliminating the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects

B. No change in the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects

C. Increasing the potential for adverse effects

D. Reducing the potential for adverse effects

D

To reduce radiation exposure to the patient:

1. Reduce the amount of the x-ray "beam on" time

2. Utilize as much distance as warranted between the x-ray tube and the patient for the examination

3. Use specific area shielding devices

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1,2 and 3

D

X-rays:

1. Can have varying degrees of penetration in normal biologic tissue

2. Can be focused by a lens

3. Are invisible

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2, and 3

B

Cardinal principles of radiation protection include:

1. Time

2. Distance

3. Shielding

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2, and 3

D

For CT the Joint Commission requires:

1. Annual education of staff in dose reduction techniques

2. Minimum qualifications for medical physicists

3. Documentation of CT radiation dose

4. Management of CT protocols to minimize radiation dose

A. 1, 2, and 3 only

B. 1, 3, and 4 only

C. 2, 3, and 4 only

D. 1, 2, 3, and 4

D

Effective radiation protection measures take into consideration:

1. Both human and environmental physical determinants

2. Technical elements

3. Procedural Factors

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1,2, and 3

D

When illness or injury occurs or when a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is called for, a patient may:

A. Be forced by the referring physician to assume a large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain unnecessary diagnostic medical information

B. Be forced by the referring physician to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information

C. Choose to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information

D. Choose to assume a relatively small statistical risk of exposure to ionizing radiation for a physician to obtain essential diagnostic medical information

D

Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained from diagnostic images for the clinical management for medical needs is termed:

A. artificial radiation

B. enhanced natural background radiation

C. human-made radiation

D. unnecessary radiation

D

The ALARA philosophy should:

A. Be a main part of every health care facility's personnel radiation control program

B. Be maintained because at this time there are no firm dose limits established for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures

C. Be maintained and show that all reasonable actions that will reduce doses to patients and personnel to levels that are below those strictly required by regulations have been considered

D. all of the above

D

When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with:

A. Maximal radiation exposure to the patient

B. Minimal radiation exposure to the patient

C. Scattered radiation exposure to the patient

D. Secondary radiation exposure to the patient

B

For the welfare of patients and the workers, facilities providing imaging services must have:

A. An effective radiation safety program

B. An inspection of the imaging department every day by nationally recognized authorities

C. An inspection of the imaging department every day by state recognized authorities

D. A strong legal team to suppress potential lawsuits that result from poor radiologic practice

A

When radiation is safely and purdently used in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure can be ____ while the potential risk of biologic damage is _____

A. Minimized, Maximized

B. Maximized, Minimized

C. Minimized, Minimized

D. Maximized, Maximized

B

Which of the following cardinal principles of radiation protection can be applied to both the patient and the radiographer?

1.Time

2.Distance

3.Shielding

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3 only

D

Which of the following recommend the use of BERT for improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x-ray procedure?

A. Environmental Protection Agency

B. Occupational Safety and Health Administration

C. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

D. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

C

BERT is a:

A.Method of comparison

B. Method of optimizing radiation protection

C. Radiation quantity

D. Radiation unit

A

Which of the following terms is an attempt to provide a quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans

A. Absorbed dose

B. Effective dose

C. Exposure

D. Diagnostic efficacy

B

Typically, people are more likely to accept a risk if they perceive that:

A They have no other option

B. They have positive assurance that they will have a good outcome in terms of prognosis

C. The potential benefit to be obtained by themselves is greater than the risk of injury

D. The radiologic procedure will absolutely not cause any pain or discomfort

C

The most effective tool(s) for diagnosing breast cancer continue(s) to be:

A. Posterioanterior (PA) and lateral chest x-ray examinations

B. Clinical breast self-examination

C. Clinical breast examination by a physician

D. High-quality mammography

D

The millisievert (mSv), a subunit of the sievert (Sv), is equal to:

A. 1/10,000 of an Sv

B. 1/1000 of an Sv

C. 1/100 of an Sv

D. 1/10 of an Sv

B

Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in:

A. No significant change in total radiation exposure to the patient or the radiographer

B. A slight decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer

C. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer

D. A significant decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer

C

BERT emphasizes that radiation is an_________part of our environment.

innate

Radiation exposure should always be kept at the_________possible level for the general public

lowest

_____ is the amount of ionization produced in air when ionizing radiation is present

exposure

When ionizing radiation is used to obtain a mammogram for the welfare of a patient, the potential ___________of this exposure to radiant energy________________any slight________of inducing a radiogenic malignancy or any genetic defect.

benefits, far outweigh, chance

In medicine, when radiation safety principles are applied correctly during imaging procedures, the______________deposited in living tissue can be limited, thereby reducing the potential for adverse ____________ ____________.

energy, biologic effects

Diagnostic efficacy is _____ when essential images are produced with the least radiation exposure to the patient

maximized

The rationale for______________comes from evidence compiled by scientists over the past century.

ALARA

Diagnostic efficacy provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is ______

justified

To use_____________as a basic principle for radiation protection, a radiographer can reduce the amount of the x-ray "beam on" time.

time

Besides a normal explanation of a medical procedure, and what type of cooperation is required, the patient must also be informed of what needs to be done, if anything, as a_________to their examination.

follow up

There is no existing data regarding any _________ effects from x-rays used in examinations

unsafe

For many regulatory agencies the _______ principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures.

ALARA

The____________concept should serve as a guide for the selection of technical exposure factors.

ALARA

_________does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison.

BERT

The goal of reducing retake rates is to obtain optimal radiographic images with the__________exposure.

first

Radiologic technologists and radiologists use___________devices whenever possible.

protective

Management in the health care facility should perform a periodic exposure_________to determine how radiation exposure in the work place may be lowered.

audit

Children are significantly _____ sensitive to ionizing radiation than are adults.

more

The millisievert (mSv) is a__________of the sievert (Sv)

subunit

X-rays are a form of________________radiation.

ionizing