Chapter 9 - Sleep

motivated, sleepiness

Sleep is a behavior in a sense that it is ___________ by an urge (____________)

consciousness

Sleep involves changes in ___________

quiet, safe

The behavioral goal of sleepiness is to find a ______ or at least ______ place to lie down for several hours

responsive, external

During sleep, people tend to be less __________ to __________ stimuli

Electroencephalography

EEG stands for what

Electrodes

During an EEG, ___________ on the scalp monitor the brain’s activity

waveform

EEGs allow monitoring of specific patterns of _______ activity based on sleep stage.

eye movements

an electro-oculogram measures what?

Facial Muscle Activity

an Electromyogram measures what?

Sleep-state, High, Low

Synchronous waves occur when someone is entering _________. These waves are ________ in altitude and ________ in frequency

wakeful-state, low, high

Desynchronous waves occur when someone is in a _______________. These waves are _________ in altitude and ____________ in frequency

Synchronous

Waves that are during sleep with low frequency and altitude

Desynchronous

Waves that occur during wakefulness with high frequency and low altitude

Awake and Alert

Beta Wave activity occurs when someone is __________________

13 - 30 Hz, Low amplitude, Irregular, Desynchronous.

Beta waves are characterized as __________________ (give exact frequency)

Awake and relaxed

Alpha wave activity occurs when someone is _________________

8-12 Hz, low amplitude, Desynchronous

Alpha waves are characterized as ____________________ (give exact frequency)

Wakefulness to sleep

NREM-1 is the transition from _________________

NREM-1, NREM-2, REM

Theta activity occurs during ____________________

N-REM-3

Delta activity occurs during

3.5 - 7.5 Hz, Medium Amplitude

Theta waves are characterized by ______________________

Theta activity

Wave Characteristics of NREM-1

Irregular Activity, K-Complexes, Sleep Spindles

Characteristics of NREM-2

K-Complexes

Sudden, Sharp waveforms during NREM-2

Sleep Spindles

Short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz that occur during stages 1-3 of sleep.

consolidation of memory

Sleep Spindles appear to play a role in the _____________________

sudden noise

K-Complexes may be triggered by ___________

Delta activity, Deepest stage of sleep, groggy if awaken

Characteristics of NREM-3

Under 3.5Hz, High Amplitude

Delta waves are characterized by

Rapid Eye Movement

The defining characteristic of REM sleep (and what is stands for)

Theta Activity, Hypnic Jerks, Easily Aroused

Characteristics of NREM-1

Theta/Beta Activity, Rapid Eye Movement, Muscle Paralysis, Aroused to meaningful stimuli, Dreams

Characteristics of REM Sleep

10 minutes, 15 minutes, 1 hour, 20-30 minutes

How long each stage of sleep lasts: N-REM1, N-REM2, N-REM3, REM

Slow-Wave earlier, NREM-2 and REM Later

What stages of sleep occurs longer earlier in the night? What stages of sleep occurs longer later in the night?

Low activity, Leads to non-sensical dreams

Prefrontal cortex activity during REM Sleep:

High Activity. leads to the visual hallucinations of dreaming

Extrastriate/Visual Association Cortex activity during REM sleep:

Low Activity, Eyes are closed to visual stimuli.

Striate/Primary Visual Cortex activity during REM sleep.

blood-flow

During slow-wave sleep, there is less _______________ to the brain

Visual and Auditory Cortexes

Despite the general decreased blood flow during slow-wave sleep. What areas of the brain receive more blood-flow?

Reduced oxygen flow to thalamus

What is said to be the explaination for the lack of response to stimuli during slow-wave sleep

Disruptions of cognitive functions, Adverse Health Effects

Consequences of Sleep Deprivation:

Attention and Vigilance

Sleep deprivation causes disruption in tasks that require ________________________

Weight Gain, Hypertension, Stroke, Depression, Decreased immune function

Examples of adverse health effects related to sleep deprivation

fatal

Extension sleep deprivation in rats shown to be ____________

recover from cognitive activity

The overall function of slow wave sleep is to ___________________

Declines 25%

What happens to metabolic rate during slow wave sleep?

Most Active, More Delta Waves

Areas in the brain _____________ in the day show ___________ during Slow Wave Sleep

Free Radicals, Oxidative

Prolonged sleep deprivation increased _________________ in the brains of rats and resulted in _____________ stress

SWS Removes free radicals (unpaired electrons) that cause oxidative stress

Theory of SWS regarding Free Radicals

Mental Exercise

Previous research indicated a positive correlation of slow wave sleep and what?

REM Rebound

Phenomenon of which when someone is inhibited from entering REM sleep, they will have longer stages of REM sleep when permitted to do so

infancy and childhood

Highest proportion of REM sleep is seen during what stages of life

Brain development, facilitate non-declarative earning

The general purposes of REM sleep are said to be

Declarative memory

Memories that people can recall. Includes relationships between stimuli or events

Non-Declaritive

Memories gained through experience that do not necessarily involve “memorization”

SWS facilitates Declarative Memory, REM sleep facilitates Non-Declarative memory.

SWS sleep facilitates what type of memory consolidation? REM sleep facilitates what type of memory consolidation?

previous day experiences, increased

During slow wave sleep, may experience thoughts of ________________. When tested and thinking of this, ______________ test scores

Build up of a sleep promoting chemical that is destroyed during sleep.

Chemical theory of why we sleep?

Adenosine

Chemical that is related to promoting sleepiness (inhibits neuronal activity). Reduced during slow wave sleep.

Decreasing levels of glycogen in astrocytes.

How is adenosine generated in the brain?

Slower metabolism of adenosine causing longer slow wave sleep periods

How do genetic factors influence slow-wave sleep duration

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors

How does caffeine affect the body?

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine, Orexin.

The 5 neurotransmitters involved in the neuro control of arousal

Pons, Basal Forebrain

What are the origins of acetylcholine pathways to the cortex?

Hippocampus

Additional area of projection of Acetylcholine (besides cortex)

Desynchronous

Wave activity of EGG from Acetylcholine

Locus Coeruleus projects to hippocampus, thalamus, cortex, cerebellum , pons

Origin and projected areas of Norenpinephrine

Wakefulness, REM

When is Acetylcholine high in the body?

Wakefulness

When is Norepinephrine high in the body?

Immediate awakening

Activation of Norepinephrine during sleep stages causes

Activating behavior

Serotonin appears to play a role in ________________

Raphe Nuclei

Main source of serotonin

Wakefulness, Brief spike after REM.

Serotonin is active during

Histamine

Neurotransmitter implicated in the control of wakefulness

Tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

Where are histaminergic neurons located

Cortical activation and arousal

Direct affects of histamine

increases release of acetylcholine

Indirect affects of histamine

Wakefullness

Histamine is high during

Orexin

Peptide neurotransmitter involved in the neural control of arousal

Degeneration of orexigenic neurons

Narcolepsy results from what?

Alert Wakefullness

Orexin is high when?

Longer periods of no sleep result in longer periods of sleep.

Homeostatic factors meaning regarding neural control of sleep

sleep can override homeostatic control if in danger

Allostatic factors meaning regarding neural control of sleep

Time of day influences sleepiness

Circadian factors meaning regarding neural control of sleep

Ventrolateral preoptic area

Area of the brain containing sleep neurons, responsible for controlling the activity of the arousal neurons to allow sleep to occur

insomnia

Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area causes what?

sleep, arousal neurons from producing neurotransmitters.

The ventrolateral pre-optic area increases in activity during _____________ and inhibits ________________

Either sleep neurons are on and inhibit arousal neurons, or arousal neurons are on and inhibit sleep neurons.

Describe the flipflop nature of sleep/wake transitions

Orexinergic

Activation of what neurochemical enables the flip-flop state of sleep/wakefulness to stay on (promoting wakefulness)

Adenosine.

Activation of what neurochemical enables to flip-flop state of sleep/wakefullness to stay off by activating the ventrolateral Pre-Optic Area (Promoting Sleep)

All 3 (Homeostatic, Allostatic, Circadian)

Which of the factors of sleep is Orexin influencedby?

pons

Region containing REM-ON neurons

Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Grey Matter

Region containing REM-OFF neurons

Decreases if infused onto REM-ON Neurons, Increases if infused onto REM-OFF neurons

Infusion of GABA agonists cause what from REM sleep?

REM-OFF.

Based on the REM flip-flop circuit, when awake, Orexin activates which neurons?

Lack of REM-OFF in narcolepsy to inhibit REM-ON activated by Emotional events

Why would emotional events trigger cataplexy episodes

Primary: Insomnia itself, Secondary: result of another condition

Different subtypes of insomnia:

Insomnia

Condition of difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Sleep Apnea

Form of insomnia with difficulty sleeping and breathing at same time