APHUG 2.3-2.4

Epidemiologic Transition

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of epidemics, or diseases that affect people

Stage 1: Pestilence and famine

Characterized by a fatal epidemic disease, with parasitic diseases being the main cause of death, along with famine and attacks by humans or other animals

Pestilence

A fatal epidemic disease

Example of Stage 1 disease

The Black Plague (Bubonic Plague)

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

A stage where pandemics occur less frequently due to improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine

Pandemic

A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Example of Stage 2 disease

Cholera

Udhailiyah, suburb in Baghdad

Suffers from cholera because drinking water is drawn from a water pipe that crosses a canal that has raw sewage in it

Dr. John Snow

Proved the root cause of cholera wrong by overlaying a cholera cases distribution map with a map of the city's water pumps

Cholera outbreak in Soho, London in 1854

A large percentage of victims were around one pump on Broad Street, which was found to be contaminated

Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases

Characterized by decreased deaths from infectious diseases and increased deaths from chronic disorders due to aging

Cardiovascular disease

Includes heart attacks

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Life expectancy has increased as people are able to live longer with diseases like cardiovascular disease and cancer

Factors contributing to Stage 4

Medical advances, improved health behavior, better diets, more exercise, and reduced use of cigarettes and alcohol

Ebola

Most likely spread from animals to humans, first documented in the Republic of Congo

2014-2015 Ebola outbreak

The first outbreak in our generation that gained nationwide news, with protocols established in the United States to stop its spread

What do population pyramids illustrate?

They show age distributions, demographic changes, sex ratios, and dependency ratios.

What does the dependency ratio indicate?

It shows how many people in a society are working to support those who are not economically active.

What stage of the demographic transition model is Cape Verde in?

Stage 2.

Why is Cape Verde in stage 2 of the demographic transition model?

The largest demographic is in the 0-30 age range, indicating continued high CBR and NIR, and a decline in CDR due to an antimalarial campaign.

What could potentially move Cape Verde into stage 3?

Further improvements in healthcare and economic conditions.

What stage of the demographic transition model is Chile in?

Stage 3.

What demographic characteristics indicate that Chile is in stage 3?

The largest age group is younger than 50, indicating moderate NIR and more stable growth.

What factors contributed to Chile moving into stage 2?

New technology that lowered the CDR in the 1930s and government family planning programs in the 1960s.

What stage of the demographic transition model is Denmark in?

Stage 4.

What demographic trend is observed in Denmark's population pyramid?

The 0-30 age range is smaller than the older generation, indicating small or negative growth.

When did Denmark enter stage 3 of the demographic transition model?

In the 1800s, when the CDR dropped.

What has caused an increase in Denmark's CDR?

The aging population.

What is a potential factor that could decrease Denmark's CDR?

A cure for cancer.

How do population pyramids provide insight into a society's future?

They can indicate trends in population growth or decline based on age distributions.

What does a flattened population pyramid suggest?

It suggests small growth or potentially negative growth.