Physiology (renal pulm and hormones) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

Normal breathing falls into what lung volume

Tidal volume (TV)

What reflex fires during normal breathing

Hering Breuer reflex

What controls tidal volume

pneumotaxic center (upper pons)

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Forced inspiration (deep breath in)

What controls inspiratory reserve volume

Apneustic center (lower pons) (shuts off pneumotaxic center)

What respiratory action shuts off the Hering Breuer reflex

Forced inspiration (IRV)

What controls forced expiration (ERV)

Rectus abdominis

What respiratory volume is essential to keep the lungs from collapsing

Residual volume (RV)

Vital capacity is made up of what lung volumes

IRV, TV, ERV

Functional residual capacity is made up of what lung volumes

ERV and RV

Total lung capacity is made of what lung volumes

IRV + ERV + TV +RV (all)

Inspiratory capacity is made up of what lung volumes

IRV and TV

What is the primary respiratory control center

medulla oblongata

What control center work together to control the rate of breathing

Apneustic (stimulating) and pneumotaxic (limiting)

Where are central chemo receptors located? what are they most sensitive to?

Brainstem; increased CO2

Where are peripheral chemo receptors located? what are they most sensitive to?

Carotid body and aortic body; decrease in O2

What kind of tissue makes up the lung

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What kind of epithelium makes up the alveolar sacs

Simple squamous epithelium

What are the surface epithelial cells of alveoli

Pneumocytes

Type 1 pneumocytes function for________

Gas exchange

Type 2 pneumocytes function for ________

Decrease surface tension via surfactant

What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome

Lack of surfactant in lungs at birth (common in premature births)

Macrophages in the lungs are called

Dust cells

What is the air in the pulmonary tree that is not involved with gas exchange

Dead space

What pressure allows for normal quiet inspiration

alveolar pressure

What pressure opposes alveolar pressure

atmospheric pressure (air pressure)

What is the transpulmonary pressure

Difference between alveolar and pleural pressure (recoil pressure)

How far the lungs will expand per unit of increased transpulmonary pressure is called

Compliance

What is compliance dependant on

Elastic forces of lung and surface tension of fluids in/around lungs

How is carbonic acid made

CO2 and H2O combine using carbonic anhydrase

What does carbonic acid dissociate into

H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

What is the chloride shift

Bicarbonate moves out of cell and chloride moves in at a 1:1 ratio

Hyperventilation can lead to respiratory __________ (acidosis or alkalosis)

Alkalosis

Hypoventilation can lead to metabolic ________ (acidosis or alkalosis)

Acidosis

Breathing into a bag can be helpful to correct respiraoty alkalosis why?

Helps to increase CO2 in blood and excrete more bicarbonate

Where are macula densa cells found

distal convoluted tubule

What are macula densa cells for

Osmoregulation - detect hypotonic filtrate (low sodium)

What is macula densa cell response to hyponatremia

Signals vasodilation of afferent arteriole so JGC release renin

What does renin bind to

Angiotensinogen

How does angiotensin 1 become angiotensin 2

encounters ACE in the lungs

Where does angiotensin 2 have its greatest effect

Efferent arteriole (vasoconstricts)

T/f angiotensin 2 causes vasodilation of the afferent arteriole

True - allows more blood flow into glomerulus to raise BP

What part of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone

Zona glomerulosa

What is aldosterone effect on DCT

Reabsorb sodium, excrete potassium

What is the main trigger of vasopressin release

Increased sodium (hypernatremia)

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex

Mesoderm

What part of the adrenal cortex secrete cortisol

Zona fasiculata

What part of adrenal cortex secretes androgens

zona reticularis

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla

Neural crest cells (ectoderm)

Where are catecholamines released from

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

What is a pheochromocytoma

tumor of the adrenal medulla (gray cell tumor)

Hormones are released by adrenal medulla following ________ stimulation

Sympathetic

What makes up a renal pyramid

Renal cortex and renal medulla

Loop of henle and collecting ducts are found in what part of the renal pyramid

Renal medulla

What is the functional unit of the kidney

Nephron

What are podocytes

cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus

4 parts of male urethra

Pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile

The male urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm is called

Membranous urethra

The male urethra that passes through the corpus spongiosum is called

Spongy/penile urethra

Erections are _________ while ejaculation is ________

Parasympathetic, sympathetic

What part of the penis is responsible for erection

corpus cavernosa

What muscle is responsible for voiding the bladder

Detrusor muscle

The anterior pituitary is derived from what embryological structure

Surface ectoderm (Rathkes pouch)

What artery supplies the bladder

Vesicular artery

The posterior pituitary is derived from what embryological structure

Neuroectoderm (neural tube)

How does the anterior pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus?

hypophyseal portal system

How does the posterior pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus?

Infundibulum (neural stalk)

Where is the pituitary gland located?

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

What hormones come from the posterior pituitary

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

Moon face, buffalo hump and purple striae are common signs of what condition

Cushings (hypercortisol)

Bronze skin, hypotension and hyperpigmentation of the mouth and face are common signs of what condition

Addisons (hypocortisol)

What hormone stimulates cortisol release

ACTH

Function of FSH

Spermatogenesis in males, releases estrogen in females

What inhibits FSH

inhibin (from Sertoli cells and corpus luteum)

Growth hormone aka

somatotropin

Growth hormone targets all tissues except

Cartilage

What is the most common type of dwarfism

Achondroplasia

What growth hormone is used in cartilage

Somatomedin

What inhibits growth hormone

Somatostatin

What hormone forms the corpus luteum?

LH luteinizing hormone

Where is testosterone made in males

Interstitial cells of Leydig

What inhibits prolactin

Dopamine and progesterone

What hormone is responsible for milk production

Prolactin

Function of TSH

T3/T4 secretion and maintain basal metabolic rate

Excess TSH results in

Graves disease (exophthalmos) (hyperthyroidism)

What is Cretinism

TSH deficiency in children (hypothyroidism)

What is Myxdema

TSH deficiency in adults (hypothyroidism)

What is Hashimotos

autoimmune hypothyroidism

Deficiency in MSH causes

Albinism

Where is ADH made

Magnocellular neurons of supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus)

Where is oxytocin made

Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Functions of oxytocin

Milk ejection and labor contractions

What is the function of calcium

Keep sodium gates closed

Muscle weakness (inability to contract) could be from a _____ in calcium

Elevation

Tetany (inability to relax muscle) could be from a ______ in calcium

Deficiency

What keeps blood calcium levels in balance

Parathyroid hormone (puts it into blood) and calcitonin (puts into bone)

Kidney stones, Browns tumor, and salt & pepper skull can all be signs of

Hyperparathyroidism -> excess calcium in blood

What is Chvostek's sign?

Push the cheek and it spasms (tetany) from hypocalcemia

(low calcium)

What are the female primary sex characterisitics

Ovaries and vagina

What is responsible for secondary sex characterisitics in females

Estrogen