APUSH Chapter 2 & 3 American Pageant 17th Edition

Spain motives in North America

Were earlier in the race, wanted conversion and profit through silver/gold

France motives in North America

Scoured for fur-trade, conversion of religions, and alliances with Natives

England motives in North America

Settlement, agriculture, conversion of religions, refuge, land pressures, but some had mixed motives

Edict of Nantes

1598, granted religious and civil rights to Huguenots and ended French Wars of religion

When did New France start?

Late start due to religious wars and Huguenot conflicts

Quebec founded in 1608 with Samuel de Camplain

What was New France’s political structure?

Had a royal centralized control with a small white population

Caribbean was prioritized over Canada

New France Expansion

Revolved around fur trade, explored many territories in the southern area (Great Lakes to Mississippi basin)

Coureurs de bois

Traders of fur that worked with Natives to facilitate the profit of fur.

The fur hunting caused beaver depletion

Robert La Salle

Claimed Louisiana (1682) Detroit (1701) New Orleans (1718), strategic

How did France interact with Indians?

Formed trade and military alliances (Hurons)

Enmity with Iroquois, messed up French expansion

Jesuit missionaries

Roman Catholic French people that worked to convert the indigenous people

Spain’s Empire

Dominated early because of its wealth from Mexico and Peru

What was Spain’s American settlement?

St Augustine (1565) oldest permanent European US settlement

What did Spain do with expansion into USA?

Produced New Mexico and Santa Fe (1610) as a missionary center (less about profits)

How did Spain decline?

Armada (1588), which they were defeated and overextension caused Spain’s grip to loosen and other powers took over

Why were England hesitant to settle in North America?

They were allies with Spain and had religious conflicts due to King Henry VIII breaking ties with Roman Catholic Church

What did Ireland try to do?

Ireland had tried to throw off Protestant England and Queen Elizabeth, failed due to powerful English troops

What happened to Ireland?

English inflicted atrocities upon native Irish people, planted Protestant landlords

Queen Elizabeth

Ambitious, planned to promote Protestantism and plunder Spanish ships and settlements, breaking their “peace”

Sir Francis Drake

Swashbuckled and looted around the planet, returning with many Spanish treasures

What was the first attempt of English colonization?

On the coast of Newfoundland, but failed due to Sir Humphrey Gilbert losing his life

Roanoke Island

The second attempt at colonization in 1585 on the coast of Virginia, mysteriously disappeared without a trace.

What were some context for English colonization?

Immense growth in population, lots of unemployment because of primogeniture laws and farms turning into sheep grazing lands

Why did English citizens want to move into North America?

Virginia Company joint-stock charter (1606) promised rights of Englishmen to colonists

Investors sought quick profits

Early Jamestown

1607, landed at a bad site with diseases, went through times of starvation and mortality (1609-1610)

John Smith

Effective leader of Jamestown that produced a “no work no eat” policy, increasing discipline

Powhatan Confederacy

The Indian tribe that the English stumbled across, had good relations at first

Kidnapping of John Smith

Made him undergo a fake execution to show off their power and inflict fear to ensure peaceful relations

Lord De La Warr

Arrived in 1610 with orders for people to return to Jamestown to declare war on the Indians

used Irish tactics to burn and plunder Indian houses/property

First Anglo-Powhatan War

When the English troops repeatedly raided and ruined the Indian properties and killed many

War ended after Pocahontas’ marriage to John Rolfe in 1614

John Rolfe

Perfected tobacco cultivation and resulted in Virginia’s land crop and influenced plantation system

What 2 events happened in 1619?

Arrival of slaves, stimulating slave trade and creation of Virginian representative government

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

When the Indians struck back due to grudges against power-hungry and disease-spreading settlers

jamestown Massacre, kills 347 settlers including John Rolfe

Punitive raids ordered by Virginia Company caused Native populations to decrease

What happened to the Virginia Company?

King James I revoked the charter, claiming Virginia’s control in 1624

How did Powhatan fall victim to “3 Ds”?

Disease: Susceptible to New World disease, caused lots of deaths

Disorganization: Did not have unity like English settlers

Disposability: Did not serve economic function for Virginia colonists

What happened in the final moments of this war?

Indians take one more shot at taking out the Virginians, defeated again.

Peace Treaty in 1646

This treaty banned Chesapeake Indians from the Jamestown area, forcing them to settle elsewhere.

Maryland (1634)

Colony under control of Lord Baltimore and Calvert family, refuge for English Catholics and profited through tobacco and indentured servants

Aristocratic, colonists came with modest farms

What did Protestants think of Maryland?

Resented it, caused rebellion and caused Baltimore to lose proprietary rights for a while.

English West Indies

Took over Spain’s territories and Jamaica

Imported many slaves and set slave codes to have full control over them

Relied on mainland for supplies because their land was taken up by sugar plantations

Act of Toleration (1649)

Granted religious tolerance to all Christians, banished denials of Christ

English Civil War

Between Charles and the people who opposed him, ended when Charles II took the throne

Oliver Cromwell

Puritan soldier who beheaded Charles and took over England

Original Carolina 1670

Brought enslaved Africans, slave code, and had governing slavery to grow foodstuffs for Barbados and to export products

Named after Charles II

Savannah Indians

Helds Carolinians search for captives and slaves, ended their alliance with Carolinians to go northward

Annihilation of Savannahs 1710

Many Savannahs were killed by Carolinians before they departed, bloody raids

north Carolina

Settled by small farmer an squatters from Virginia, egalitarian

Tuscarora Wars (1711)

Wars from Tuscarora Indians because of exploitive relations, sold Indians to slavery and survivors seeked protection from Iroquois.

Yamasee Wars

Wars with Yamasee Indians, ended up also being crushed while some became slaves and some fled to Florida

South Carolina

Economically tied with West Indies, relied on rice and indigo, used slave labor, had major ports and were wealthy and aristocratic

Charleston

The aristocratic trading port with diversity

Georgia (1733)

Buffer colony against Spanish Florida and French Louisian

Had early bands on slavery and limits on landownership (eventually loosened)

Savannah

Early multiethnic town in Georgia

james Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia and planned for it to be a philanthropic project (away from debtors prison)

People in debt can work to make goods (silk, wine)

When was slavery FULLY used in North America?

Only occurred after Georgia in 1750, before mostly small plantations with farmers or indentured servants

New Netherland

Colonies in the Northeast area owned by Dutch, also focused around trading of fur. (diversity)

Dutch gained power through its revolution against Spain with the help of England

The Era of Rembrandt

The golden age in Dutch history where a little lowland nation became a major commercial and naval power, challenging European powers including England

Henry Hudson (1609)

Claimed the Hudson and Delaware area

Dutch West India Company

Claimed territories in the Manhattan and Caribbean area

Focused a lot on raiding, captured treasure from Spanish ships

Established outposts in Africa and sugar industries in Brazil

Dutch India East Company

Powerful company revolving around trading, dominated spice trades in the East side of the world and set up trading posts in East Indies

New Sweden

Had a small colony on Delaware River (Fort Christina)

Sweden’s Golden Age

After the Thirty Years War where King Gustavus Adolphus carried torch for Protestantism and entered colonial America.

Peter Stuyvesant’s (father wooden leg) Expedition (1655)

Absorbed the Swedish colony and killed every citizen living within the colony

What did Sweden leave behind?

Left the culture of log cabins and the names of areas around it.

How did The Netherlands lose their power?

Became enemies with England (saw Netherlands as invaders)

Charles II granted them power to invade

Peter Stuyvesant surrendered to England in 1664 against Duke of York 

What did Netherlands leave behind

They left behind cultures (names, activities) and they left behind policies (autocratic government, aristocratic corruption)

How were Indians affected in America?

Had mixed effects depending on area

Atlantic seaboard Indians experienced disease and conflicts

Some natives were able to adapt

Other Natives down south and the rest of the New World had good interactions and exchanged goods, languages, cultures, and pathogens.

Martin Luther

Challenged authority and doctrines of Roman Catholic, leading to the creation of Protestantism

Luther Beliefs

Denounced priests and popes and said Bible alone is God’s word

John Calvin

Invented Calvinism and Institutes of Christian Religion, said how God is all-powerful/all-knowing and all humans have predestination

Predestination

Some souls are selected for hell or heaven from birth, nothing can change that.

Puritans

Worked with King Henry VIII in his Protestant Reformation to purify the church by anishing Roman Catholic beliefs

Separatists

Broke away from Church of England because of church’s enrollment of both saints and damned, believed only saints should be able to attend