HGAP unit 7 study guide

industrial revolution (IR)

rapid transformation of the economy through introduction of machines, new power sources, and new chemical processes in Europe and the United States between 1760 and 1830

what three conditions allowed Britain to industrialize first?

good labor force for large scale factory production, damp climate for textiles, and being a world trade leader

2 things that defined early mechanization

• textile manufacturing machines (spinning jenny)

• new transportation methods

first invention

spinning jenny

why are the first manufacturing machines of the industrial revolution important?

increased labor productivity

labor productivity

• the average amount of goods or services produced per worker per unit of time

why were new transportation methods made?

needed a faster way to transport raw materials and finished products

describe how transportation changed pre-indsutrial to industrial to aftermath

wooden boat, steam engines/seel vessels, railroads

impact of transportation methods from IR

diffuses practices, ideas, and even the IR itself to other countries

why was britain gatekeeping the IR so important

prevented diffusion of inventions = huge economic growth, advantage, strength; explains patterns of uneven development

describe the order of regions in which the Industrial Revolution spread

great britain → western europe → america → japan

4 stages of resource usage from Industrial Revolution

dispersed rural local power sources → steam engine & coal, relocated to cities → relocated to coalfields → crude oil

fossil fuels

• natural fuel derived from the fossilized remains of living organisms

significance of fossil fuels

most important natural resources and the main power source for industrialization

why is reliable access to natural resources important in industrialization

natural resource inputs are used in every stage and part of the manufacturing process

significance of steam engine

• allowed for relocation for labor and transportation needs, first gathered in cities

What were the 6 major demographic and social consequences of industrialization?

increased food supplies n population

rural to urban migration

social classes n relations

divisions of labor

family structure

new time

how did food supplies n population increase because of the IR

innovations in land productivity, new machinery and factory-like production, and investments in tech equipment improved food supplies and therefore growth

how did the industrial revolution lead to rural to urban migration

farms became consolidated and mechanized, so rural people had fewer jobs left, but urban cities had manufacturing jobs w not bad wages.

explain some of the drawbacks for new urban migrants during the industrial revolution

poor housing and infrastructure, overcrowding, dirty, polluted

commercial farmers

raise crops and livestock to sell at market for money, not own consumption

wage labor

an employer pays a worker to complete a task, daily or hourly

working class

people in an industrial economy who depend on wage labor to buy daily necessities

capitalist class

People who own the means of production and pay the wages of workers

middle class

People who are either salaried professionals or office wage workers

labor unions

Associations of workers in industries established to collectively bargain with capitalists

how did the industrial revolution make new social classes and class relations

1. consolidating investing landowners became commercial farmers

2. displaced rural workers became a part of the working class and used their labor for wages

3. capitalist class countries their payment and production

4. new class emerged → middle class

explain the division of labor created by the industrial revolution

labor divided among workers on assembly line, each person completing 1 task, but leads to deskilling of labor

mass consumption

The purchase of large amounts of mass-produced goods by large numbers of people

international division of labor

the labor forces of different countries and world regions play complementary roles in an interdependent global economy

how did the industrial revolution affect families

families used to all work as one unit

now, men go for work, mothers stay at home

new gender roles

how did the industrial revolution contribute to new experiences of space and time

separation of home and work → men = public life, women = domestic life

seasonal rhythms of rural agricultural life → 24 hour clock of urban, industrial life

better roads n transportation tech (steamship, railroads) = connection to distant places, expand ur world

what two factors drove imperialism and colonialism in industrializing countries

• competition for resources

• competition for markets

How did industrialists’ need for resources drive colonialism and imperialism?

industrialization increased, need and competition for resources increased

countries didn’t have access to lots of resources → conquest other vulnerable countries

i..e Britain can’t grow cotton, but India can, so lets go visit curry munchers

How did industrialists’ need for markets drive colonialism and imperialism?

u need a constantly expanding reliable market to sell goods

once u sell everything ur country, u gotta wait, but how u gonna become rich twin?

transportation makes it easier to ship goods internationally, and imperialism secured exclusive foreign markets

mass consumption

The purchase of large amounts of mass-produced goods by large numbers of people

international division of labor

labor forces of different countries and world regions play complementary roles in an interdependent global economy

• colonized countries extracted and sold raw materials

• mother countries processed them into goods and sold it back to the colony

• the colonized bought the goods, rinse and repeat

economic sectors

groupings of industries based on what is produced and the activities of the workforce

primary sector

industries that extract natural resources from the environment

• fishermen

secondary sector

industries that process the raw materials extracted by primary industries

• manufacturing

tertiary sector

industries provide services to businesses and consumers, including transport and deliver goods and resources

• clerks, lawyers, professors

quaternary sector

dedicated to intellectual and informational services, such as scientific research and development

• scientific research, invention, patenting, computer software, biomedical research

quinary sector

highest-level management decisions are made in the areas of business, government, education, and science

• CEO, global impacts

describe the population of sectors as countries’ industries grow more complex over time

primary based economy → developing

quatenary and quinary → most developed

tertiary > primary = good

break down the zones of industrial regions

core area = location of manufacturing

peripheral area = source of natural resources

result of manufacturing having advantages in certain areas

base industry

an industry of disproportionate economic importance and on whose existence other industries and employment sectors depend

what sectors do core areas deal w

secondary and tertiary

what sector does periphery deal w

primary

describe the economic global core system using a real life example

britain = core manufacturing textiles. egypt/india = periphery paid little for picking cotton.

list 2 things global economic core states did, and their impact

1. restricting diffusion of industrial technology

2. encouraging extractive enterprises

caused majority of world’s workforce to be primary sector as countries peripheral to europe

semi-periphery

Countries or regions whose economies have elements of both the core and the periphery

5 factors affecting manufacturing location

• energy → reliable, low cost

• materials → material factory locations affect product factory locations

• labor → low wage, uneducated, unemployed or high tech wants the opposite

• market → be near consumers

• transportation → access to ts determined best cities during the revolution

break-of-bulk point

A location where cargo is transferred from one mode of transportation to another

• good location

shipping containers

Standardized, stackable, metal boxes used to quickly and cheaply transport goods by ship, railroad, or truck

containerization

The system of intermodal freight transport using shipping containers

least-cost theory

Alfred Weber’s theory that transportation and labor costs play a heavily affect the location of manufacturing facilities

if the weight of final product > weight of materials used to make product

choose locations near the market

if the weight of materials used to make product > weight of final product

choose locations near the material’s source

3 critiques of Weber’s theory

• no real world connections

• decision makers dont always have knowledge of every option

• transportation is less important today than labor for tech

what are the 2 theories of economic development

Rostow’s stages of economic growth

Wallerstein’s world system theory

explain Rostow’s stages of economic growth

• transition from agricultural to better tech + diverse economies in following stages (5)

• geographic uneven development is bc each country is at a different stage

explain each stage of Rostow’s theory

1. “traditional” economy → agriculture and extraction.

2. transitional → specialization, surplus

3. take-off → industrialization, investment, political change, growth

4. drive to maturity → diversity, innovate, less reliance on imports

5. traditional society → mass consumption, huge service sector, USA!

critiques of Rostow

• economies r interdependent, not independent

• assumes economies develop without obstacles

• assumes every country is trying to reach stage 5

World systems theory

regards world history as moving through a series of socioeconomic systems, culminating in the modern world system by ~1900

explain Wallerstein’s theory more

relies on core, periphery, and semi-periphery states at a global scale; system of exploitation and benefit, interdependence

critique of Wallerstein’s theory

global scale overlooks complexities at local/regional scale

dependency theory

the periphery is poor because it was economically dependent on the core in a disadvantageous relationship based on colonialism and imperialism

critique of dependency theory

doesnt pay attention to social cultural differences in periphery and core which play a role in development; hard to break the abusive rls

commodity dependence

Occurs when commodities account for more than 60 percent of the value of a country’s total exports

why can commodity dependence be harmful for countries

linked to underdevelopment + bc global commodity prices fluctuate unstably, revenue stream is unpredictable + decreases long-term

5 measures of economic development

GNP, GDP, GNI, GDP per capita, PPP

gross national product (GNP)

total value of all the goods and services made BY a country’s residents and businesses

• excludes immigrants, includes emigrants

gross domestic product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced withIN a country’s borders

• excludes emigrants, includes immigrants

gross national income (GNI)

total income of a country’s residents and businesses even beyond borders, + money received from abroad like foreign investment and development aid

why is GNI a more accurate measure of the economic health of countries that receive significant foreign direct investment or foreign aid

it counts actual available income within a national economy, but GDP doesn’t.

GDP per capita

A country’s GDP divided by its total population, accounting for wealth differences in population

purchasing power parity

Measures how much a common “basket of goods” costs locally in the currency of each country being compared, accounts differences in currency values in countries

2 measures of social development

GII, HDI

gender inequality index (GII)

measure of gender inequality that combines data on

• reproductive health

• empowerment,

• labor-market participation

criticism of GII

empowerment only concerns national but not local govt

labor market doesnt consider quality differences of jobs

doesnt consider housekeeping n unpaid labor

human development index (HDI)

measure of human achievement that combines

life expectancy

education

gross national income (GNI) per capita (PPP)

pros and cons of HDI

• determines how much of a country’s wealth goes to wellbeing of people

• doesnt count factors like security, personal empowerment, persistent poverty, inequalities bw groups

informal sector

The part of any economy that is not officially recorded, monitored, or taxed by the government

• babysit, yard work, little influence

• mostly women, uneducated

formal sector

The part of the economy that is officially recorded with the government

whats the problem with the informal sector

isnt included in GDP, GNP, GNI, etc. → ecoomic activity could b inaccurate

could b big, but its not taxed → loss of revenue for building important stuff

income distribution

How a country’s total GDP is distributed among the individuals in its population

how do u measure access to healthcare

reproductive, maternal, newborn, child health, rate of infectious and noninfectious diseases, infant mortality rates

number of doctors & affordability

how is fossil fuel use and renewable energy a way to measure development (5)

fossil fuel consumption sparked economic growth as economies had materials from imperialism

today → no source of fuels, buy them internationally

developing countries w domestic fuel source r in better economic position but pay foreign countries

using renewable energy sources has economic development → countries w out domestic fossil fuels

less cost of importing fuels → establishing a new renewable energy source is another industry, stimulate economic growth

explain the impacts economic development has on the family life of women (5)

preference for men decreases as opportunities increase for evb

increase of women’s education

delayed marriages

declining fertility rates

less emphasis on motherhood

explain the impacts economic development has on the public life of women (3)

women start participating in both public and domestic life at all scales

women can move easier and aren’t confined to the kitchen anymore bc of technology

more participation in civic life and government

gender empowerment measure

measurement of gender equality that includes

• % seats held national govt,

• % in economic decision-making positions,

• women’s versus men’s share of earned income

does economic development correlate with women’s political participation

nah USA lacks this due to bias, even though they’re very developed

How does women’s increased presence in the workforce affect gender parity?

devaluing women’s labor

men’s work and “women’s work”

wage disparity

gender parity

progress toward gender equality using measures: access to education, avg incomes for XY vs XX, and workforce participation

explain a man’s job and a woman’s job (2)

varies geographically and over time, gender divisions legally forced, like during WW2

manufacturing is commonly a women’s job outside USA → women’s participation in formal sector but gender disparities → low pay, bad conditions

microloan

A very small loan to poor people with little income or collateral intended to help them establish or expand a small business

pros and cons of microloans

helped pay children’s education, daily life improvement, made profitable small businesses

some struggled to pay back microloans and become more poor

mercantilism

theory of trade- each country strives to export more than it imports in order to accumulate wealth, included protectionism

protectionism

Trade rules that restrict imports in order to protect domestic industries

absolute advantage

A nation’s ability to produce a good or service more efficiently than another COUNTRY, achieved through free trade