Science, Technology, and Society

Hierarchy of Life

Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

basic unit of matter

Atom

group of atoms

ex. H2O

Molecule

parts of the cell

Organelle

basic unit of life

Cell

group of cells

Tissue

study of cells

Cytology

do not contain a nucleus but contain nucleoid

ex. bacteria and archaebacteria

Prokaryotic Cells

contain a true nucleus

ex. Fungi, Protist, Plant, Animal

Eukaryotic Cells

a hair-like structure that help cells move

Cilia

they have tails like sperm cells

Flagellum

who discovered cell from a cork

Robert Hooke

coined the term cell (cellulae) that means small room

Robert Hooke

discovered cell’s nucleus

Robert Brown

not living inert chemicals (inactive)

Virus

protein shells that protects the virus’ DNA or RNA

Capsid

classification and naming of organisms

Taxonomy

8 Levels of Taxonomic Classification

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Father of Modern Taxonomy

Carolus Linnaeus

proposed the binomial nomenclature or scientific name and coined homo sapiens

Carolus Linnaeus

comma-shaped bacteria

Vibrio

Ex. cholera

red tide

dinoflagellates

fungi — heterotrophic. what is heterotrophic?

cannot make their own food

fungi that can cause lung disease

Microsporidia

no backbones

Invertebrates

have backbones

Vertebrates

have stinging cells

ex. jelly fish, coral

Cnidaria

jointed legs; segmented bodies

ex. mosquito, butterflies

Arthropoda

what d you call the situation where insects shed off their old cuticle to grow in

Ecdysis or Molting

roundworms; unsegmented

Nematoda

flatworms: worms have soft tissues; unsegmented

Platyhelminthes

segmented worms

Annelida

both male and female organs are found in the same worm

Hermaphroditic

Ex. earthworms

prevents blood clot

Anticoagulation

ex. Leeches

with soft bodies (usually with shells )

Mollusca

ex. squid, clams, snails

spiny body

Echinodermata

ex. sea star, sea urchin, sea cucumber

these are notochord (has backbones)

Chordata

two lives

Ex. can live in water and land

Amphibians

Ceeping

Reptiles

Flying

Aves

has mammary glands

Mammals

long ivory tusk that lives in arctic environment

Walrus

study of plants

Botany

food making process of plants

Photosynthesis

flowering, fruit plants

Angiosperms

naked seeds

Gymnosperms

conducts most of the water and minerals

Xylem

distributes sugars and other organic products

Phloem

protect the flower buds before it opens

Sepals

Group of sepals

Calyx

often attract a particular pollinator

Petals

Group of petals

Corolla

male part of plant

Stamen

Anther

Filament

Pollen Grains

female part of plant

Carpel (Pistil)

Stigma
Ovary
Style
Ovule

this becomes fruit

ovary

this becomes the seed

ovule

horizontal stems


ex. Bamboo grass, Strawberry

Runners or Stolon

underground stems that store food for the plant


ex. Potato

Tubers

horizontal underground stems


ex. Ginger

Rhizomes

shortened, compressed, underground stems

ex. Onion, Garlic

Bulbs

they are underground stems

ex. taro (Colocasia)

Corms

separated pieces of the parent organism can develop into an individual.

ex. starfish, flatworms

Fragmentation

chewing food in the mouth

Physical Digestion

breakdown of large food molecules by enzymes

Chemical Digestion

Throat

Pharynx

wave-like muscle movement

Peristalsis

passes food from your throat to your stomach

esophagus

mixed food and gastric juices

Chyme

final place of digestion

Small Intestine

finger-like structures in small intestine

Villi

storage of poo

rectum

colon is found where?

Large Intestine

passageway in defecation

Anus

salivary glands

Amylase

largest internal organ in the body

Liver

breaks down fats

Bile (created in liver)

stores the bile

gall bladder

secrete enzymes for digestion of food

Pancreas

pumps blood

Heart

brings blood back to the heart

Vein

brings blood away from the heart

Artery

sound of the heart beat

labdub

protein found in the plasma is responsible for blood clotting

Fibrinogen

vitamin needed for RBC production

Vitamin B12

inhale, takes oxygen in

Inspiration

exhale, releases CO2 out

Expiration

warms and moisten air, traps dirt

Nose

passageway of both air and food (throat)

Pharynx

prevents the entrance of food to trachea

Epiglottis

voice box (vocal cords are fund here)

Larynx

windpipe

Trachea

main organ of respiratory system

Lungs

estrogen and progesterone

Female

Testosterone and Androgen

Male

sperm and ovum meet inside the test tube

in vitro fertilization

sperm and ovum meet inside the body

in vivo fertilization

longest cell

nerve cell

voluntary activities, largest, intelligences, learning

Cerebrum

Involuntary, Balance, Coordination

Cerebellum

controls breathing

medulla oblongata