AMSCO 6.1-6.3

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century, characterized by new technologies, factories, and mass production.

Canals

Artificial waterways built to facilitate the transportation of goods and raw materials, particularly before the advent of railroads.

Mass Produced

Manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products, often using machinery and assembly lines.

Capital

Financial resources used to operate a business, including money, equipment, and property.

Capitalism

An economic system where private individuals or companies own the means of production and operate them for profit.

Consumers

Individuals who purchase goods or services for personal use.

Steam Engine

A machine that uses steam to generate power, crucial in the Industrial Revolution for powering factories, trains, and ships.

Henry Bessemer

The English inventor who developed the Bessemer process, a method for mass-producing steel.

Bessemer Process

A method of steel production that involves blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities and make steel stronger and cheaper.

Great Exhibition of 1851

An international exhibition held in London showcasing Britain's industrial achievements and the new Crystal Palace.

Crystal Palace

A large, iron-and-glass structure built for the Great Exhibition of 1851 that demonstrated Britain's industrial capabilities.

Patents

Licenses issued by a government to inventors, granting them exclusive rights to sell and control their inventions.

Middle Class

A social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, consisting of merchants, professionals, and business owners.

Corn Laws

Tariffs on imported grain in Great Britain that kept prices high and favored landowners.

Free Trade

An economic policy of trading goods between countries without tariffs or other restrictions.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods intended to protect domestic industries.

Potato Famine

A period of mass starvation in Ireland in the 1840s caused by a potato blight.

Hungry Forties

A term describing the 1840s in Europe, known for widespread poverty and social unrest.

Emancipation Edict of 1861

A decree by Tsar Alexander II in Russia that abolished serfdom and allowed peasants to own land.

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that burns fuel internally to produce power, used in cars, airplanes, and other transportation.

Digital Grid

A network of electrical power lines that provides electricity over a wide area, increasing efficiency in manufacturing.

Industrial Park

A designated area for factories and industrial facilities.

Krupp Family

A German industrial family known for producing steel and weapons.

Telegraph

A device for transmitting messages over electrical wires, enabling long-distance communication.

Radio

A technology for transmitting information through electromagnetic waves, allowing long-distance communication.

Telephone

A device for transmitting voice over electrical wires for two-way spoken communication.

Steamships

Ships powered by steam engines, enabling faster and more reliable travel.

Department Stores

Large retail stores that sell a wide variety of consumer goods in different departments.

Refrigerated Railroad Cars

Rail cars equipped with refrigeration for shipping perishable foods.

Manchester Capitalism

The free-market form of capitalism that arose in Britain, associated with low wages and living standards.

Zollverein Agreement

A customs union formed in 1834 between several German states, eliminating tariffs on goods traded among them.

National System

An economic theory developed by Friedrich List advocating government intervention to protect domestic industries.

Key Innovations

Technological advancements like the Spinning Jenny and steam engine that increased production efficiency.

Spinning Jenny

An invention that allowed multiple spindles to be worked simultaneously, dramatically increasing thread production.

Coke Smelting

A method that allowed for the production of iron in larger quantities.

Industrialization's Impact

Transformation of daily life due to increased urbanization, economic changes, and shifts in class structure.

Consumerism

A cultural trend fueled by mass-produced goods, department stores, and advertising.

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase marked by technological advances in electricity, chemicals, and transportation between 1870-1914.

Long Depression

A period of economic instability leading to financial crises and job losses.

Social and Political Changes

Changes resulting from industrialization that led to social mobility and the rise of the middle class.

Impact of Coal and Steel

Coal became the major energy source, with steel essential for infrastructure and manufacturing.