APUSH Test 3 - The Age of Reform and the American South

What is urbanization?

process by which towns/cities grow (urban = towns/cities)

1790 census showed only __ cities with over 20,000 inhabitants

2 (Philadelphia, New York)

What contributed to a shift in American demographic, where more and more people started living in larger towns and cities?

Industrial Manufacturing (large scale factory/machinery orientated production)

1860 census showed __ cities with over 20,000 inhabitants, plus __ large towns and cities with over 5,000 inhabitants 

• 43

• 300

What added to the great influx of inhabitants in large towns/cities shown in the 1860 census vs the 1790 census? 

Transportation Infrastructure (the network of physical components that enable the movement of people, goods, and services)

What were/are cities characterized by?

• anonymity = don’t know anybody 

• proximity = know every body

Mechanization of production changed many craftsmen into what?

operatives

What are “operatives”?

a factory worker who is trained to only perfect making one aspect of a bigger project (ex: only assembling the trigger of a gun and moving it down the line)

How has production of goods changed due to mechanization?

• Before, products were made by skilled craftsmen who mastered the entire production process

• Now, production was broken into individual steps that each required little to no “skill”

Mechanization also changed the relationship between ____ and ______

• labor

• means of production

What is “means of production”?

the tools, materials, and facilities needed to make stuff

How did craftsmen work before this mechanization?

Craftsmen usually owned their own shop, bought their own materials, set their own prices, and kept the profits for themselves

How did industrial environments work following this mechanization?

In an industrial context, the factories, machines, and materials were paid for by owners who kept a substantial amount of profit in return for their initial investment

Transition from skilled to unskilled labor meant ___ wages and ___ control.

• lower 

• less 

What did shifting from skilled to unskilled labor help open a door to?

non-traditional workers (women, children)

Why were women and children picked to work in these factories?

Because both, but mainly children, had the stature to fit inside these machines to fix them.

What kind of an economic unit did the familial household serve as in the previous traditional farming/artisan world?

they worked as a single economic unit

What did the single economic unit look like?

• Men: worked fields and reduced craft goods

• Women: produced household necessities and assisted with running farm/shop 

• Children: assisted where necessary; little expectation of formal education 

In the newly industrialized world, how did the familial household have to run in this new economic situation?

Now working class families actually needed every member of the family to work and pool (combine) their wages

True or False: In the morning, working class men, women, and children left the home to work in separate factories 

True

True or False: In rural NE, young women - who were no longer needed to make small household necessities - stayed at home and waited for their husbands to come back from work. 

False - they often left the farm to take up work in factories

What is social stratification?

the arrangement of people into hierarchical layers or classes based on occupation, wealth, power, prestige, and identity

How did social stratification work within the context of the Market Revolution?

The Market Revolution increases the different life outcomes available, which in turn causes some people to “win” and “lose”. Those who “win” took advantage of the mechanical tools being produced while “losers” tried sticking to the single economic unit familial household. This gave people the opportunity to move up socially/economically.

Did the “winners” or “losers” of the market revolution make up the middle class?

the “winners”

What kind of work did the market Revolution increase demand for?

“white collar” work (“brain” work; not just physical labor - blue collar)

Jobs popped up that had what requirements?

managerial skills or specialized education

What are some examples of these more “advanced” jobs?

Factory managers, accountants, bankers, lawyers, railroad engineers

What did these new job opportunities provide an avenue for?

upward social mobility (working their way up in society) 

How much did these new job positions pay that have people the ability to climb the economic ladder? 

usually paid high enough salary (yearly/annually vs daily/weekly - old way) for one man to support the rest of his family, leaving them free to pursue various activities other than work 

What did this drastic change in salaries result in?

highly distinct middle class lifestyle and outlook

New middle class approach to _____ roles and ______ relationships

• gender 

• family 

What two spheres was life divided into (gender wise) and what did they entail?

• public sphere (male, work) 

• domestic sphere (female, home) 

In this middle-class context, who was said to “rule” the domestic sphere in their partner’s absence? What “role” came of this?

• women ruled the domestic sphere in their husband’s absence

• “homemaker” role created

What was the “cult of domesticity”?

celebrated the homemaker role as valuable, necessary, and dignified service to one’s family and country

Who was the “cult of domesticity” aimed towards and how was it distributed? 

• women 

• increasing numbers of books, magazines, etc..,

What aspect of marriages was removed by this new lifestyle (middle class)? 

economic

What did removing this aspect result in?

popularizing “companionate” (love) marriages

How did this new middle-class lifestyle affect children?

new hands-on, nurturing approach to child rearing, one that emphasized education

What was the Whig party?

a diverse group that came together over their shared opposition to Andrew Jackson

What was the Whigs party’s political platform (ideologies)?

they were dedicated to supporting and furthering the effects of the Market Revolution (pro market economy)

What 3 things did they support in furthering the Market Revolution and its beneficial effects? 

• support for the development of American industry (Government —esp federal gov’t—should help stimulate business and economic growth) 

• support for infrastructure to tie regional markets together 

• support for robust banking system to stimulate economic growth 

What person heavily influenced the ideas supported by the Whig party?

Henry Clay

Did Whig voters see themselves as the “winners” or “losers” of the Market Revolution? What did they lead them to want to do?

• saw themselves as the “winners” 

• wanted to give the “common man” the same opportunity 

What types of workers made up the Whig Party?

• prosperous farmers

• manufacturers 

• merchants 

• middle-class professionals

  Middlemen

What group was integrated into the Democratic Party?

it became a party of immigrants

What was the Democratic Party?

a group that represented the old wing of the Democratic-Republicans motivated by Jefferson’ belief in states’ rights and the yeoman farmer ideal

What kind of voters were accumulated by the Democrats from Andrew Jackson onward? 

began to attract voters who felt left behind or victimized by the changes of the Market Revolution

What specific “working” groups would these new voters be classified as?

• small farmers who couldn’t compete with larger, mechanized farms 

• urban craftsmen whose jobs were being replaced by mechanization 

• urban laborers who resented their low wages and long hours 

• Immigrants who felt taken advantage of by the economic system

Which specific issue, among many, did the Democrats oppose the Whigs on (governmentally)?

Democrats tended to believe that giving the government power to “develop the economy” (like what the Whigs wanted) actually meant giving it the power to decide economic “winners” and “losers” in the new economic landscape 

Early immigrants consisted of mostly what group?

British-born English speaking Protestants 

During the early to mid-19th century, what new groups started to immigrate towards America?

Germans and Irish

What enticed these new groups to immigrate?

pursuit of cheap land in the west or jobs in the industrializing cities (pull factors)

What are push and pull factors?

• push = drive people out 

• pull = lure people in 

What was the Germans’ reasoning for immigration?

“pushed” out of German lands by lack of available land; political instability

What was the Irish’s reasoning for immigration?

“pushed” out of Ireland by Potato famine (caused by bad harvest/diseased crops); British political suppression (conquered Ireland in 1600s, kept them as a colony, revolted) 

worse conditions compared to Germany 

What does “assimilation” mean?

to become like/integrate into

Why were the Germans and Irish considered “strange” or became unwelcome in America? 

• Germans spoke a different language, many were Catholic (Protestant world) 

• Many Irish spoke English, but most were Catholics (Protestant world)

• Maintain their native cutlers or adopt new “American” identity/values/practices?  (assimilation) 

What advantage did Germans have over the Irish?

They came prepared with wealth, which gave them the ability to purchase cheap land and move westward while poor Irish immigrants were stuck in the large industrial seaport cities of the East Coast (NY, Philly, Boston)

Because of the Germans’ wealth, what were they able to do after purchasing land?

often able to establish their own communities on the frontier or establish businesses in the cities (beer brewing)

• cities like Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis and NYC were affected (Kleindeutshland or Little Germany in LES)

• On the frontier, Germans established entire towns of their own - ethnic enclaves

What is an “ethnic enclave”? 

a place where people of the same ethnicity “set up shop” 

Since most of the Irish were pooling up in industrial east coast cities, due to lack of wealth, how did they cope? 

they began to plug into the Tammany Hall political machine 

What is a “political machine”?

an abstract idea that represented a hierarchy over specific political parties and relationships (in this case, with Irish immigrants)

What did the Tammany Hall political machine do?

• NYC Democrats used a local form of the “spoils” system to secure Irish political support 

• Democratic city gov’t gave leadership position to influential Irish immigrant leaders 

• Provided average immigrants with city jobs, job referrals, free legal services, food, temporary housing, and help with naturalization in return for loyalty to Democratic politicians 

What did some people view the Tammany Hall political machine to be? 

corrupt

What movement did the influx of German and Irish immigrants result in?

the Nativist movement

What is “nativism”?

anti-immigrant sentiments that often stem from “native” American’ social, cultural, and economic anxieties (is a general word that can be used in other situations)

What 3 main issues concerned the nativists?

• Cultural: Catholic challenge to America’s traditionally Protestant identity

• Social: association drawn between recent immigrants and poverty/crime 

• Economic: working-class fear of decreased wages; business owners’ fear of economic competition from enterprising immigrants 

Where was the Anti-Catholicism sentiment widely spread?

British parts of North America

What did Anti-Catholicism entail?

• fears of a “Romanist Plot” (Roman Catholic Church) to subvert and take over the US democracy from within 

• Stereotypes of Catholicism as leading ignorance, drunkenness, and tyranny 

What did the name “Romanist Plot” represent? 

emphasizes that the Roman Church’s loyalty always goes back to their “king” (pope), which means that their loyalty doesn’t lie with America 

Nicknames:

Catholics —> Romanist, Paptist

What kinds of groups were getting employed due to these nativist ideas?

Protestants (sometimes German Protestants) (NO Irish)

What was the first anti-Catholic group that most famously arose during this time? (ironic since originally it was secretive/underground)

The “Know-Nothings”

What did the “Know-Nothings” name originate from?

When asked if they knew about this anti-Catholic organization, they would respond with “I know nothing”

What did this group formally organize as?

Native American or American Party

True or False: The American Party won many mayoral races and captured a few state legislatures in the 1850s.

True

__% of the popular vote in the 1854 presidential election went to the American Party.

21% (1/5 of voters)

What kind of party was the “American Party”?

an independent or 3rd party

What were the American Party’s major campaign demands?

• stricter immigration controls, (don’t let as many in), longer naturalization wait times (5–> 21 yrs) 

• exclusion of Catholics and immigrants from political office

These were seen as very controversial. 

What is naturalization?

the process by which immigrant residents become US citizens

What was the Second Great Awakening?

occurring in the early 19th century, it was a religious revival characterized by emotional mass “camp meetings” and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

What did the the Second Great Awakening do?

reinvigorated American Protestantism and was spurred along by confusing economic changes in a newly interconnected nation

What were the theological origins of the Second Great Awakening?

• Old Puritan enthusiasm had faded a bit during first decades of new republic 

• Many founding fathers had been Deists 

What are “deists”? 

people who believe in a Supreme Being but had grown skeptical of human religious institutions 

Which of the founding fathers was most known for his deist beliefs?

Thomas Jefferson

What were the social and economic factors of the Second Great Awakening?

• Market economy disrupted traditional bonds of close-knit rural society

• Cities swelled with new faces, many of whom felt isolated and lonely

• Frontier communities made up of strangers seeking connection and meaning (no roots)

• Sense of gratitude among the “winners” of market Revolution; search for answers among those who felt like “losers” of the market revolution

Who originated the “awakening in cities” in NYC?

Charles Finney

What did Charles Finney do?

• held “revivals” (festival-like gatherings) in large theaters

• gave public sermons which became printed and distributed across the country (reached more people) 

• innovative in many ways, including having women recite prayers at his meetings (unheard of outside of this setting) 

What did the “awakening in the countryside” entail?

• Itinerant (traveling) preachers like Finley went “on the road” to reach the rural masses

• Hosted large open air religious gathering - “revivals” or “camp meetings” 

• Revivals/camp meetings facilitated by new transportation opportunities 

What was a major effect of these public awakening “revivals”? 

Mass public conversions, spontaneous dancing and individual testimonies

What was the “Burned-Over District”?

a nickname for a region in western and central New York that experienced intense religious revivals during the early 19th century, particularly during the Second Great Awakening

Where did new communities sprout up in upstate New York?

along the Eerie Canal

What new American forms of Christianity popped up?

• Adventists: believed that Christ would return on October 22, 1844 (“mathematical” approach that kept being proved wrong when he did not come, date kept being pushed back, eventually people stopped believing) 

• Mormons (Latter Day Saints): 

- Joseph Smith’ “Book of Mormon” - a lost testament of Christ

- Christ had visited ancient inhabitants of American after his resurrection

- Hunted out of NY, then Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri; relocated to Utah led by Brigham Young

What was the first consequence of Second Great Awakening?

launched religion back into the center of many Americans’ lives 

What was the second consequence of Second Great Awakening?

Growth of old denominations and the creation of the new ones

• Huge increase in Protestant church membership and attendance 

• Especially among Baptist and Methodist denominations in the south and on the frontier 

What was the third consequence of Second Great Awakening?

New roles for women in religion 

• Revivalists preached women’s spiritual value, gave them roles in religious organizations 

• Middle-class women at the forefront of the Second Great Awakening 

What was the fourth consequence of Second Great Awakening?

Contributed to a new culture of reformism in America

• “Reawakened” Christians identified and combatted a diverse range of social problems 

• Creation of new reform societies/associations, often led by middle class women 

• Reformers determined to use the power of government to enforce moral behavior (Puritans!)

What is “reform”?

• gradual 

• change 

• positive!!