Bio Unit 1

Biology

The scientific study of life and living organisms

**Hierarchy of Structure in Living Things**

Atoms Small

Molecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Organisms Large

Cells

basic units of life, contain organelles, composed of molecules.

Organism

any individual living thing that demonstrates all the characteristics of life

**Unicellular organisms**

made of a single cell and they can carry out all the necessary functions for life within this single cell, EX: **Paramecium and Amoeba**

**Multicellular organisms**

made of more than one cell (usually many cells).  Their cells are specialized, with different cells having different functions

**Cells Found in Multicellular Organisms**

Red Blood Cells

Leaf Cells

Sperm Cells

Muscle Cells

Plant Root Hair Cells

Nerve Cells

Pollen Cells

**The Characteristics of Life**

**M**etabolism

**R**esponse

**H**omeostasis

**G**rowth

**R**eproduction

**E**xcretion

**N**utrition

**Metabolism**

all the chemical processes occurring in an organism in order to maintain life, if it stops, organisms cannot carry out life functions, which leads to death.

**Homeostasis**

the relatively stable internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain, the organism’s internal environment works to stay the same no matter what is occurring in the external environment, EX: Regulation of body temperature, Regulation of blood sugar levels, Regulation of water balance

Response

organism’s reaction to a stimulus

Stimuli

Changes in the environment, include things like touch, light, heat, cold, and sound

Growth

irreversible increase in the size of an organism, brought about by an increase in cell size or number

Development

a cycle of change, qualitative change in the organism as a whole

Reproduction

**process by which organisms produce more organisms like them,** not necessary for the survival of an individual, but it is essential if a group of organisms is to survive.

**Asexual reproduction**

involves one parent and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

**Sexual reproduction**

involves cells from two parents uniting to form the first cell of a new and genetically unique organism

Excretion

a process in which living things exhibit the removal of waste products

Nutrition

through exchange of materials and gases with the environment living things receive…, derived from food, light, or chemicals, depending on the type of organism

**Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)**

energy-carrying molecule of all things is

**Cellular Respiration**

glucose from food is converted to ATP

Why is energy necessary

* It allows organisms to grow and develop
* It is used to build or repair parts of the cell
* It allows for movement and transport

Heterotrophs/Consumers

Organisms that need to obtain food for energy

Autotrophs/Producers

Organisms that convert light or chemicals into food

**Eyepiece lens**

contains a lens capable of 10X magnification (this is the lens you look directly into)

**Tube**

is attached to the nosepiece and the eyepiece lens

**Fine focus knob**

brings object slowly into fine focus

**Revolving nosepiece**

turns to change from one objective lens to another

**High power objective lens**

a high-power lens used for looking at an object in greater detail

**Low power objective lens**

a low-power lens used for looking at an object closely but not in great detail

**Diaphragm**

controls the amount of light entering the stage

**Light source**

the bulb or mirror that illuminates the specimen

**Base**

supports the body of the microscope

**Coarse focus knob**

brings object into rapid but coarse focus

**Arm**

holds the objective lenses above the stage

**Stage**

platform to support the slide

Meter

1/10,000,000 the distance from the North Pole to the equator on the line of longitude that passes through Paris

**millimeter** (mm)

one-thousandth of a meter, 1 __= 1 x 10-3__ __*=  .001*__

**micrometer** (μm)

one-millionth of a meter, 1 __= 1 x 10-6 _ *=  .000001* _

**nanometer** (nm)

one-billionth of a meter, 1 = 1 x 10-9 = .000000001

Molecule Size

1 nm

Membrane Size

7\.5 nm

Virus Size

100 nm

Bacteria Size

1 μm

Organelle Size

10 μm

Cell Size

100 μm

**Field of view (FOV)**

When we look into a microscope, the open and observable area we can see is called the

**Magnification**

the number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object,