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Mary Wollstonecraft
female writer that wrote about women not being inferior to men.
Maximilien Robespierre
architect of reign of terror, felt Louis XVI should die for the revolution.
Bastille mob
stormed prison in Paris and became a symbol of monarchies rule.
Bourgeoisie
the middle /capitalist class that owned most of societys wealth.
John Locke
thinker that believed in natural rights (freedom of speech, religion, etc), positivity, life + liberty.
Tennis Court Oath
pledge and idea that political authority comes from people not the monarch.
Blockade
American civil war strategy to prevent the transport of weapons to the confederates.
Continental System
blockade from Napoleon to stop Great Britain through stopping buying /selling.
Voltaire
freedom of religion and speech.
Legislative Assembly
attempted to create a society with equal rights.
Committee for Public Safety
formed provisional government during reign of terror.
Concordat
Napoleons agreement with the papacy, an agreement between a secular figure + the church.
Napoleonic Code
gave men authority over their family, took away womens rights.
Waterloo
between Napoleon and duke of Wellington that stopped an elongated war.
Bacon
scientific method development
Battle of Trafalgar
against british and french during napoleonic code.
Montesquieu
separation of church /powers.
Thomas Hobbes
people are naturally evil so a strong ruler is needed for people to give their lives to.
Estates General 1789
the three estates: clergy, nobles, and commoners, that could levy taxes etc for Louis XVI.
Radicals Jacobins
idea of dismantling old society, to make it radical.
Reign of Terror
citizens who didn't like the revolution were killed.
Social contract
agreement to form political contract over certain conditions.
Old Regime
social + political order in France, men were all subjects to king, made king absolute monarchy
Cardinal Richelieu
minister who ruled for Louis and started attacking huguenots
Edict of Nantes
protected huguenots from cardinal
Henry of Navarre
passed edict of nantes
Michel de Montaigne
french philosopher who popularized the essay
Rene Descartes
Scientific method and skepticism
Cardinal Mazarin
ended 30 years war
Louis XIV (14)
child king, XVI (16) was the guy involved in the revolution
Versailles
grand palace
War of the Spanish Succession
Spain + France ruled by people, other countries didn’t want them united but treaty signed to stop fighting if they agreed to never unite
Charles I
wanted Puritans + presbyterian Scots to be peaceful w/ each other but they invaded Charles and the parliament had to limit his power but then he tried to arrest them which started the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
puritan general, won, got rid of monarchy but became dictator
Puritans
supported parliament during english civil war
Cavaliers
royalists that supported Charles
Charles II
reign of restoration
Habeas Corpus
to have body, every prisoner had fair trials, king couldn’t send someone to jail without fair trial
James II
offended subjects with Catholicism, broke laws, dissolved parliament
William and Mary
appointed by protestants scared of Catholicism, they come for James and he flees (GLORIOUS REVOLUTION)
Cabinet
people who unite parliament and monarch MOST POWER
Salons
people gathered in salons to gossippppp (france)
Origins of the French Revolution
Louis needed money, needed estates to tell him to raise taxes, kicked out third estate since they would get taxes, but third estate said no and national assembly (1789) started, where they later stormed everything
Political spectrum
when they created the thing after the monarchy, how the left (jacobins), right, and middle were created
Haitian Revolution (Toussaint L’Ouverture)
France had already colonized Haiti, directory said that France would agree to free them but Haitians had to do the same job and such when they were enslaved, and the revolution did much less then intended
Simon Bolivar
Helped nations become liberated from Spain, but many did not want to be led by him if he was a person who would become a leader and rule over them so it took long to unite everyone
What causes an absolute monarch to emerge?
Fear and uncertainty in the religion due to territorial conflicts leads to larger armies needed, causing tax increase for a larger army with more money. Heavy taxes cause many to revolt and get angry, and the church looses control as organizations break down. The middle class started supporting the national monarchy that took over in the opening from the church and monarchs then get money from colonies for finances
What were the effects of monarchy on the people?
Rulers wanted to control others ideas and the spread of them, so gatherings were shut down or targeted by monarchs. The size of the court then increased so that the nobles could be noticed and liked by the monarch, and appeared loyal and powerful. The bureaucracies also increased so that they could control the economy, and new positions were developed for this. (similar process in Qing/Han dynasty) Monarchs relied on many for the enforced rules of the economy. However the exercise of absolute power from monarchs caused them to be very oppressive, and people lost their voice in the government.
How did the English Civil War, Restoration, and Glorious Revolution plant the seeds of limited monarchy, also known as constitutional monarchy in 17th century England?
English civil war: parliament began passing laws to stop the monarch’s power as much as it had been used, and once Oliver Crownwell helped win the english civil war he instilled the commonwealth, and disliked the monarchy
Restoration: Bill of rights from William and Mary taking over ?, women began to get more jobs and people could use guns, people established military, less control
Glorious revolution: Bill to rights that limited the royal power by telling the monarch that they cannot suspend parliament laws, can’t levy taxes and can't interfere with freedom of speech
What “religion, rights, and liberties” is Parliament seeking to protect in this document? What Supreme authority does Parliament claim for itself?
People will not be penalized for speaking up against the government
Lives depending on the mood of the monarch
King can’t just take away their rights in jail now
On what Conditions do the new Monarchs, William and Mary, accept the crown of England?
On what Conditions do the new Monarchs, William and Mary, accept the crown of England?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
August 1789, every man deserves freedom, all men are created equal
1791
limited constitutional monarchy created with a new constitution, when Louis XVI tries to run away but returns prisoner to paris
1799
End of French Revolution, Napoleon seizes power
1804
Napoleon crowns himself emperor
1815
Congress of Vienna
1791-1804
Haitian Revolution
1810-1821
Mexican Independence Revolution
1789
Start of French Revolution
Peninsular War
Napoleon sends troups to portugal from spain, and small groups are fought in, guerrilas, which leads to the british aiding the guerrilas, and 300,00 rebel
Invasion of Russia
Russian relations break down, Napoleon invades, but Russians scorch everything, once Napoleon gets to Moscow he must retreat
Napoleon’s final loss
Napoleon is badly defeated and many areas join forces against him. He surrendered and is exiled. Louis XVII is the new king, but gets overthrown, and Napoleon returns for Waterloo, his last attempt at power which he looses
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