HWH U9 - Revolutions in Science, Thought, Politics, and Economics

Mary Wollstonecraft

female writer that wrote about women not being inferior to men.

Maximilien Robespierre

architect of reign of terror, felt Louis XVI should die for the revolution.

Bastille mob

stormed prison in Paris and became a symbol of monarchies rule.

Bourgeoisie

the middle /capitalist class that owned most of societys wealth.

John Locke

thinker that believed in natural rights (freedom of speech, religion, etc), positivity, life + liberty.

Tennis Court Oath

pledge and idea that political authority comes from people not the monarch.

Blockade

American civil war strategy to prevent the transport of weapons to the confederates.

Continental System

blockade from Napoleon to stop Great Britain through stopping buying /selling.

Voltaire

freedom of religion and speech.

Legislative Assembly

attempted to create a society with equal rights.

Committee for Public Safety

formed provisional government during reign of terror.

Concordat

Napoleons agreement with the papacy, an agreement between a secular figure + the church.

Napoleonic Code

gave men authority over their family, took away womens rights.

Waterloo

between Napoleon and duke of Wellington that stopped an elongated war.

Bacon

scientific method development

Battle of Trafalgar

against british and french during napoleonic code.

Montesquieu

separation of church /powers.

Thomas Hobbes

people are naturally evil so a strong ruler is needed for people to give their lives to.

Estates General 1789

the three estates: clergy, nobles, and commoners, that could levy taxes etc for Louis XVI.

Radicals Jacobins

idea of dismantling old society, to make it radical.

Reign of Terror

citizens who didn't like the revolution were killed.

Social contract

agreement to form political contract over certain conditions.

Old Regime

social + political order in France, men were all subjects to king, made king absolute monarchy

Cardinal Richelieu

minister who ruled for Louis and started attacking huguenots

Edict of Nantes

protected huguenots from cardinal 

Henry of Navarre

passed edict of nantes

Michel de Montaigne

french philosopher who popularized the essay

Rene Descartes

Scientific method and skepticism

Cardinal Mazarin

ended 30 years war

Louis XIV (14)

child king, XVI (16) was the guy involved in the revolution

Versailles

grand palace

War of the Spanish Succession

Spain + France ruled by people, other countries didn’t want them united but treaty signed to stop fighting if they agreed to never unite

Charles I

wanted Puritans + presbyterian Scots to be peaceful w/ each other but they invaded Charles and the parliament had to limit his power but then he tried to arrest them which started the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

puritan general, won, got rid of monarchy but became dictator

Puritans

supported parliament during english civil war

Cavaliers

royalists that supported Charles

Charles II

reign of restoration

Habeas Corpus

to have body, every prisoner had fair trials, king couldn’t send someone to jail without fair trial

James II

offended subjects with Catholicism, broke laws, dissolved parliament

William and Mary

appointed by protestants scared of Catholicism, they come for James and he flees (GLORIOUS REVOLUTION)

Cabinet

people who unite parliament and monarch MOST POWER

Salons

people gathered in salons to gossippppp (france)

Origins of the French Revolution

Louis needed money, needed estates to tell him to raise taxes, kicked out third estate since they would get taxes, but third estate said no and national assembly (1789) started, where they later stormed everything

Political spectrum

when they created the thing after the monarchy, how the left (jacobins), right, and middle were created

Haitian Revolution (Toussaint L’Ouverture)

France had already colonized Haiti, directory said that France would agree to free them but Haitians had to do the same job and such when they were enslaved, and the revolution did much less then intended

Simon Bolivar

Helped nations become liberated from Spain, but many did not want to be led by him if he was a person who would become a leader and rule over them so it took long to unite everyone

What causes an absolute monarch to emerge?

Fear and uncertainty in the religion due to territorial conflicts leads to larger armies needed, causing tax increase for a larger army with more money. Heavy taxes cause many to revolt and get angry, and the church looses control as organizations break down. The middle class started supporting the national monarchy that took over in the opening from the church and monarchs then get money from colonies for finances

What were the effects of monarchy on the people?

Rulers wanted to control others ideas and the spread of them, so gatherings were shut down or targeted by monarchs. The size of the court then increased so that the nobles could be noticed and liked by the monarch, and appeared loyal and powerful. The bureaucracies also increased so that they could control the economy, and new positions were developed for this. (similar process in Qing/Han dynasty) Monarchs relied on many for the enforced rules of the economy. However the exercise of absolute power from monarchs caused them to be very oppressive, and people lost their voice in the government.

How did the English Civil War, Restoration, and Glorious Revolution plant the seeds of limited  monarchy, also known as constitutional monarchy in 17th century England?

* English civil war: parliament began passing laws to stop the monarch’s power as much as it had been used, and once Oliver Crownwell helped win the english civil war he instilled the commonwealth, and disliked the monarchy
* Restoration: Bill of rights from William and Mary taking over ?, women began to get more jobs and people could use guns, people established military, less control 
* Glorious revolution: Bill to rights that limited the royal power by telling the monarch that they cannot suspend parliament laws, can’t levy taxes and can't interfere with freedom of speech

What “religion, rights, and liberties” is Parliament seeking to protect in this document? What Supreme authority does Parliament claim for itself? 

* People will not be penalized for speaking up against the government
* Lives depending on the mood of the monarch
* King can’t just take away their rights in jail now

On what Conditions do the new Monarchs, William and Mary, accept the crown of England?

On what Conditions do the new Monarchs, William and Mary, accept the crown of England?

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

August 1789, every man deserves freedom, all men are created equal

1791

limited constitutional monarchy created with a new constitution, when Louis XVI tries to run away but returns prisoner to paris

1799

End of French Revolution, Napoleon seizes power

1804

Napoleon crowns himself emperor

1815

Congress of Vienna

1791-1804

Haitian Revolution

1810-1821

Mexican Independence Revolution

1789

Start of French Revolution

Peninsular War

Napoleon sends troups to portugal from spain, and small groups are fought in, guerrilas, which leads to the british aiding the guerrilas, and  300,00 rebel

Invasion of Russia

Russian relations break down, Napoleon invades, but Russians scorch everything, once Napoleon gets to Moscow he must retreat

Napoleon’s final loss

Napoleon is badly defeated and many areas join forces against him. He surrendered and is exiled. Louis XVII is the new king, but gets overthrown, and Napoleon returns for Waterloo, his last attempt at power which he looses