Chapter 7: Bone Functions, Classification, and Gross Anatomy

Flashcards covering bone functions, mineral/energy storage, hematopoiesis, classification by shape, and specific anatomical examples based on Chapter 7.

How do skeletal muscles and bones interact to create movement?

Skeletal muscles attach to bones and exert a pull on the skeleton during contraction, allowing the skeleton to function as a system of levers that alters the direction and magnitude of forces.

What is hematopoiesis, and where does it occur?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production, which occurs in the red bone marrow of spongy bone connective tissue containing stem cells that form blood cells and platelets.

What essential body functions require the calcium stored in bone connective tissue?

Muscle contraction, release of neurotransmitter from nerve cells, and blood clotting.

What are the primary biological roles of phosphate stored in bone connective tissue?

Phosphate is a structural component of ATP, other nucleotides, and phospholipids, and serves as an important component of the plasma membrane.

Where and in what form is chemical energy stored in adult bones?

Chemical energy is stored in adipocytes (fat cells) as yellow bone marrow within the shafts of some adult bones.

What are the four major classes of bones determined by shape?

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

According to Figure 7.2, what specific bone is given as an example for each of the four shape classifications?

Femur (long bone), tarsal bone (short bone), frontal bone (flat bone), and vertebra (irregular bone).

What defines a long bone, and what is its elongated cylindrical shaft called?

A long bone has a length greater than its width, and its elongated, cylindrical shaft is called the diaphysis.

Where in the human skeleton are long bones located?

In the upper limbs (arm, forearm, palm, and fingers) and lower limbs (thigh, leg, sole of the foot, and toes).

What are short bones, and what are two primary examples?

Short bones have a length nearly equal to their width; examples include carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (bones in the foot).

What are sesamoid bones, and which bone is the largest sesamoid bone?

Sesamoid bones are small, sesame seed-shaped bones located along the tendons of some muscles (classified as short bones), and the patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone.

What are the structural characteristics and general functions of flat bones?

Flat bones have flat, thin surfaces that may be slightly curved; they provide extensive surface areas for muscle attachment and protect underlying soft tissues.

What are four examples of flat bones in the body?

The roof of the skull, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs.

What defines irregular bones, and what are three examples?

Irregular bones have elaborate, complex shapes that do not fit into other categories; examples include the vertebrae, hip bones (ossa coxae), and skull bones such as the ethmoid and sphenoid.