Biology Exam 1

Deductive

General Principals to make Specific Predictions

Inductive

Specific Observations to develop general conclusions

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

1. Observation
2. form a hypothesis
3. Make a Prediction
4. Experimentation
5. Conclusion

Scientific Theory

Something that has been tested so many times that has become a general consensus amongst scientists
(ex: gravity)

7 Characteristics of living things

1. Cellular organization
2. Ordered complexity
3. Sensitivity
4. growth, development, and reproduction
5. Energy Utilization
6. Homeostasis
7. Evolutionary adaptation

Structure determines...

function

What are the 4 cellular levels of Hierarchical organization

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
(Cells like to nap in Amocs)

What are the 4 organismal levels of Hierarchical organization

Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
(Tripple O)

What are the 5 population levels of Hierarchical organization

Population
Species
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

The ability to respond to a stimulus is an example of —

Sensetivity

A group of similar individuals that can interbreed would be considered a(n) -

Species

All the organisms and the physical environments on earth constitute the -

Biosphere

All life constantly requires -

Energy

Gene

A segment of information in DNA

Genome

Entire set of DNA instructions

dependent variable

The factor that is measured at the end; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

All organisms today descended from a simple creature -

3.5 Billion Years Ago

When scientists talk about a scientific theory, they are talking about something that

has been tested frequently and is supported by a lot of evidence

A control experiment has all of the conditions identical to the primary experiment except that it

does not have the variable being tested.

The isotope 14C has

6 electrons and 8 neutrons

Name and briefly explain the 3 types of chemical bonds

Ionic bonds- The strongest type of bond that is between elements on opposite sides of the table of elements
covalent bonds- A bond between two elements on the same side of the periodic table. Not as strong as Ionic bonds, but stronger than Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds- the weakest kind of bond that can be broken. DNA is made of these kinds of bonds as well as water

What happens when an electron moves from a higher energy level orbital to a lower energy level orbital?

Energy is released

A chlorine atom has 7 electrons in the outermost shell. Potassium, with 1 electron in the outermost shell, will react with how many chlorine atoms?

1

Hydrogen bonding in water causes water to

be less dense as ice than as liquid water

The atomic weight of an atom

equals the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

A buffer exerts its effects because

It absorbs or releases H+ ions reversibly to resist a pH change within its buffering range.

Within a capillary tube, which forces cause the water to rise up within the tube's lumen (internal open space)?

Adhesion to the walls of the tube cause the top surface to advance upward, and cohesion between the individual water molecules pull along the molecules beneath.

Atomic number=

number of protons

cations

"paw"setley charged- have more protons than electrons

anions

have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged

Oxidation

loss of valence electrons (OIL)

Reduction

Gain of electrons (RIG)

acid

pH above 7 (releases H+1)

base

pH below 7 (accepts H+1)

buffer

accepts or releases H+1 in order to keep pH constant

What polynucleotides do RNA and DNA have?

They both have Guanine, adenine, and cytosine but only RNA has Uracil and only DNA has Thymine

what are amino acids joined by?

dehydration synthesis

What is the primary structure of a protein?

sequence of amino acids

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

helix (coiled spiral) or a sheet (planar structure)

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

folding of one polypeptide chain

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

two or more polypeptide chains joined

Phospholipids have

a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Saturated

contains no double bonds

unsaturated

contains a C=C double bond, causes a kink in the chain

Polysaturated

more than one double bond

lipids are

hydrophobic