Dysphagia Exam 1

tongue

The _______ is a muscular organ located in the mouth that aids in speech, swallowing, and taste perception. It is responsible for manipulating food during chewing and pushing it towards the back of the throat for swallowing. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in forming various sounds during speech production.

The two muscular hydrostats are the __________ and the __________.

tongue and soft palate

function of hard palate

Forms the roof of the mouth and separates the oral and nasal cavities. It aids in speech production, swallowing, and helps to direct airflow during breathing.

the innervation of the hard palate

The nerve supply of the hard palate is innervated by the greater palatine nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It provides sensory innervation for touch, temperature, and pain perception in the hard palate.

What are the the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

are the superior longitudinal muscle, inferior longitudinal muscle, transverse muscle, and vertical muscle.

Name the four extrinsic tongue muscles involved in tongue movement and their function

Flashcard: Name the four extrinsic tongue muscles involved in tongue movement.

1. Genioglossus: Controls forward and downward movement of the tongue.

2. Hyoglossus: Pulls the sides of the tongue downwards.

3. Styloglossus: Elevates and retracts the tongue.

4. Palatoglossus: Elevates the back of the tongue and helps close off the oral cavity during swallowing.

Name the function of the pharynx

Constriction, shortening, elevation, passage of bolus to esophagus

what are the pharyngeal muscles?

The main pharyngeal muscles include the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles.

Others: sapingopharyngeus, palatopahryngeus, stylopharyngeus.

pharyngeal innervation

The Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) supplies sensory fibers to the oropharynx and stylopharyngeus muscle. The Pharyngeal Plexus (CN IX and X) innervate all other pharyngeal muscles.

what are the five cranial nerves involved in swallowing?

Cranial nerves involved in swallowing: V (Trigeminal), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XII (Hypoglossal).

what is the function of the UES?

Function of the UES: Controls the passage of food and liquids from the throat to the esophagus during swallowing

when is the swallow initiated on the MBS? FEES?

initial hyoid burst. When the arytenoids approximate

which muscle lifts the tongue tip?

superior longitudinal

The muscle that retracts the tongue is called the

palatoglossus or styloglossus

during normal swallow, which is the only stage not to involve airway protection?

velar elevation

All muscles of the pharynx  EXCEPT ____ muscle are motorically innervated by the Pharyngeal Plexus

All muscles of the pharynx EXCEPT the stylopharyngeus muscle are motorically innervated by the Pharyngeal Plexus.

CN _____   might be affected if you see silent aspiration on a MBS.

Cranial nerve 10

What are the main goals of swallowing?

bolus efficiency and airway protection

steps of oral phase

• Oral stage steps:  

  • Lip closure

  • Tongue control

  • Bolus preparation/mastication

  • Bolus Transport/Lingual motion AKA (Anterior-Posterior AP Transit)

• Posterior lingual movement/propulsion

• : the rapid forceful movement of the tongue that propels into the throat or pharynx

Epithelium and Covering of the Tongue includes???

• tastebuds (papillae)

• Mucosa

• lingual frenulum

How does age affect the swallow trigger? (where for who?)

younger: higher/sooner

older: later/longer

NIHSS stands for and rule??

National Institute of Health Stroke Scale

higher score= more impaired lower score=less impaired

What is the difference between Dysphagia and Presbyphagia?

dysphagia= swallow difficulty affecting safety and efficiency

presbyphagia= typical difficulty of swallowing due to age

what are the functions of the pharynx

·  Pharynx and Its Functions

• Functions by Category

• Functions by Movement (_____ and _____ and ____)  

category: respiration and digestion

by movement: shortening, retraction, constriction

esophagus

• description (length, diameter, material, layers)

• location

• Parts?

25cm long, 2.5cm diameter, smooth or striated or both, layers: muscosa, submucosa, muscularis propria

UES/PES

Description (anterior and posterior make up, material)

• Location

• Function

• What three things help it open?

• Innervation

• Upper Esophageal Sphincter: opens to allow the bolus to move from pharynx to the esophagus via relaxation of the sphincter muscles. Relaxation occurs via inhibition of the pharyngeal plexus and some branches of ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus (spinal nerves).

• UES further opened by laryngeal excursion.

• BE allow bolus passage to esophagus

• AP indirectly protects the airway

• UES: proximal 1/3 striated muscle, transition zone straited and smooth, distal 2/3 smooth muscle