Time Period 7 - Key Terms

Square Deal

A policy by Theodore Roosevelt advocating for fairness and equal opportunity for all, addressing political, social, and economic issues in the U.S.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Progressives

Reformers who aimed to address social and political issues caused by industrialization and urbanization in the early 20th century.

17th Amendment

Allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by the people, reducing the influence of big business in politics.

National Child Labor Committee

Advocacy group focused on ending child labor and improving working conditions for children in the early 20th century.

Muller v Oregon SC Case (1908)

Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of limiting the work hours of women, setting a precedent for labor laws.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws passed during WWI to suppress dissent and anti-war activities, limiting freedom of speech.

League of Nations

International organization established after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North in search of better opportunities and to escape racial discrimination.

Prohibition

Period in U.S. history when the production and sale of alcohol were banned by the 18th Amendment.

Kellog Briand Pact

Limited the construction of certain types of large naval ships and applied ratio limits to the number of ships a country could build to prevent war.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Involved the transfer of valuable oil-laden land from the navy to the Interior Department, followed by a bribery scandal.

Stock Market Crash=Great Depression

Triggered by overspeculation, leading to a loss of billions, bank failures, and widespread unemployment.

New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt's policies aiming to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression, expanding the federal government's role.

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

Created the FDIC to insure bank deposits, stabilizing the banking system during the Great Depression.

Court-Packing Plan

FDR's failed attempt to add justices to the Supreme Court to support New Deal reforms, facing backlash for undermining checks and balances.

Totalitarianism

Government control over society, eliminating opposition, and prioritizing the state over individuals, exemplified by leaders like Stalin, Hitler, and Mussolini.

Fascism

Totalitarian ideology led by a dictator, emphasizing extreme nationalism, social hierarchy, and militarism, restricting civil liberties.

Nazism

Hitler's form of fascism with extreme social hierarchy, blaming Jewish people for Germany's problems and seeking global domination.

Tripartite Pact (1940)

Alliance between Japan, Italy, and Germany during WWII, leading to increased tensions and conflicts.

Four Freedoms Speech

FDR's speech advocating for freedom of speech, worship, fear, and want, emphasizing democracy and opposing fascism.

Pearl Harbor (1941)

Japanese attack on the American naval base in Hawaii, leading to the U.S. entry into WWII and the end of isolationism.

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol encouraging women to join the workforce during WWII, impacting societal views on women's roles.

Rationing

Regulated consumer goods during WWII to ensure fair distribution and prevent hoarding, managed by the Office of Price Administration.

War Bonds

Used to fund the war effort by asking Americans to invest in government bonds, supporting the war financially and increasing the national debt.

Bracero Program (1942)

Program established to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States during wartime labor shortages in the Far West, sponsoring 4.5 million border crossings until 1964.

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Signed by FDR, authorized exclusion of certain groups from military zones, leading to the forced removal of 120,000 Japanese Americans to relocation camps.

Korematsu v U.S

Supreme Court ruling against Japanese Americans during WWII, showcasing wartime hysteria and racial profiling by the federal government.

Double V Campaign

Civil rights initiative by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) advocating victory over fascism abroad and racism at home.

Unconditional Surrender

Concept where the losing side in war has no power at the negotiation table until they surrender completely.

Operation Overlord

Allied invasion plan led by Dwight Eisenhower to enter continental Europe from the West during WWII.

D-Day (1944)

Massive American-led military operation in Normandy on June 6, 1944, crucial for the liberation of France and the final phases of WWII in Europe.

Manhattan Project (1942)

American commission to develop the atomic bomb, leading to its use on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 to end the war.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities hit by atomic bombs in August 1945, marking a shift in warfare targeting civilians and ending WWII.

V-J Day (1945)

August 15, 1945, signifying Japan's surrender and the conclusion of World War II.