Anatomy Test 1

Anatomy

The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts.

Physiology

The study of the functions of living organisms or their parts.

Respiratory speech subsystem

Lungs, lower airways, and the chest wall.

Laryngeal speech subsystem

Structures located at the exit of the respiratory subsystem.

Pharyngeal-oral subsystem

Middle and lower pharynx and oral cavity.

Velopharyngeal-nasal subsystem

Velopharynx and nasal structures.

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body.

Superior (rostral)

Toward the head; may also be called cranial.

Inferior (caudal)

Toward the tail or away from the head.

Medial

Toward the midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Proximal

Toward the body; applied to limbs.

Distal

Away from the body; applied to limbs.

External (superficial)

Closer to the outer surface.

Internal (deep)

Further from the outer surface.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into right and left.

Coronal plane

Divides the body into front and back.

Horizontal (transverse) plane

Divides the body into upper and lower.

Tendon

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or cartilage.

Ligament

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone or cartilage to bone.

Aponeurosis

Similar to a tendon, except wide and flat.

Supportive connective tissue

Bone and cartilage.

Three types of muscle tissue

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.

Cardiac muscle

Found only in the heart.

Smooth muscle

Found in blood vessels, digestive tract, and urinary bladder.

Cardiac and smooth muscle control

Generally involuntary.

Skeletal muscle

Found throughout the body and attached directly or indirectly to bone.

Skeletal muscle control

Voluntary.

Skeletal muscle fiber arrangement

Muscle fibers run parallel to one another.

Functions of skeletal muscle

Movement and maintenance of posture.

Isometric contraction

Muscle stays the same length.

What counteracts an isometric contraction?

Equal force from other muscles.

Concentric contraction

Muscle shortens.

Eccentric contraction

Muscle elongates.

Why does a muscle elongate during an eccentric contraction?

Contraction from other muscles overpowers it.

Motor unit

A nerve and its associated muscle fibers.

Breathing - general definition

The act of air being taken in and expelled.

Breathing - technical definition

Gas exchange between an organism and the environment.

Breathing for the speech mechanism

The mechanical process in which air is brought into the lungs and forced out again.

Number of rib pairs

12 pairs.

How do most ribs connect to the sternum?

Through cartilage.

Which ribs float?

The lowest two ribs.

Pectoral girdle

Clavicles and scapulae.

Scapulae

Shoulder blades.

Pelvic girdle

Coxal (hip) bones.

Number of cervical vertebrae

7.

Number of thoracic vertebrae

12.

Number of lumbar vertebrae

5.

Number of sacral vertebrae

5.

Number of coccygeal vertebrae

5.

C1

Atlas.

C2

Axis.

Another name for the sternum

Breastbone.

Location of sternum

Prominent midline structure in the anterior superior thoracic wall.

Three parts of the sternum

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Manubrium

Upper portion of the sternum.

Xiphoid process

Inferior portion of the sternum.

How do rib sizes change from ribs 1 through 7/8?

They become progressively larger.

How do rib sizes change from ribs 7/8 through 12?

They become progressively smaller.

What happens to the ribs during inhalation?

They elevate.

What happens to thoracic cavity dimensions during inhalation?

They increase.

Respiratory system

Made up of the pulmonary apparatus and chest wall.

Pulmonary apparatus

Lungs and lower airways.

Chest wall

Rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm, and abdominal contents.

Trachea

Windpipe made of C-shaped cartilages.

Main stem bronchi

Bronchi leading to the right and left lungs.

Lobar bronchi

Bronchi leading to each of the five lung lobes.

Number of generations of airway divisions

20.

Alveoli

Sites where gas exchange occurs.

Approximate number of alveoli

300 million.

Lung consistency

Porous and spongy.

Total number of lung lobes

5.

Right lung lobes

3.

Left lung lobes

2.

Visceral pleura

Thin membrane covering the lungs.

Parietal pleura

Thin membrane covering the inner chest wall.

Pleural linkage

Connection between the lungs and chest wall.

Rib cage wall

Forms most of the thorax and surrounds the lungs except at the bottom.

Structures of the rib cage wall

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle.

Diaphragm

Forms the floor of the thorax.

Meaning of diaphragm

"Fence between" the thorax and abdomen.

Shape of the diaphragm

Dome shaped.