Practice Exam Unit 2: Hemostasis, WBC, Innate and Specific immunity and Lymphatic System

Flashcards about Hemostasis, WBC, Innate and Specific immunity and Lymphatic System

What is opsonization?

Attachment of complement proteins to cell surfaces, enhancing phagocytosis of the cell.

What is the function of MHC I molecules?

Antigens produced within a cell are displayed on the cell surface.

What do chemotactic factors do?

Attract white blood cells to/from a particular site.

What is adaptive immunity?

Defense mechanisms that exhibits specificity and memory.

What is the correct order of B cell activation and antibody production?

4, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3

Where does the maturation of T cells occur?

Thymus gland

What is phagocytosis?

A form of endocytosis in which a cell surrounds a foreign particle with pseudopods and engulfs it.

What is the most important cellular component of the immune system?

White blood cell

What are examples of self antigen?

Antigens produced by the body

What are examples of foreign antigens?

Pollen, animal dander and certain foods

What are antigen presenting cells?

Cells that display a foreign antigen along with a MHC-II molecule and display the antigen to other immune cells.

What are the physical barriers of innate immunity?

Skin and mucous membranes

What are the chemical mediators of innate immunity?

Histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins

What are the immune cells of innate immunity?

Monocytes and eosinophils

What are the two types of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissue?

T and B cells

Which defense cell of innate immunity lyses tumor and virally infected cells?

Natural killer cell

Give examples of cytokines:

Perforin, interleukin, complement, interferon, MHC complexes

Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments on its surface?

Antigen-presenting cell

The virus that causes AIDS targets which cells?

Helper T cells

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Bone marrow and thymus

Indicate the function of interferons:

Interferons stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins

Cytotoxic T cells are the primary cells involved in what type of immunity?

Cell-mediated

What antibody is characteristic of a secondary response?

IgG

What antibody is characteristic of a primary response?

IgM

What antibody is found in saliva, tears and mucus?

IgA

What antibody stimulates basophils and mast cells?

IgE

What antibody functions as an antigen receptor?

IgD

The primary cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are what kind of cells? While what other kind of cells are involved in antibody mediated immunity?

T cells; B cells

Where are antigenic determinant sites found?

Antigen

What glycoprotein surface marker is typical of cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

CD8

What glycoprotein surface marker is typical of helper T lymphocytes?

CD4

Memory B cells respond to an antigen during which immune response?

Secondary

What correctly describes a clone of lymphocytes?

They all have the same antigen receptor

Pre-B cells mature into B cells within the . Pre-T cells mature into T cells within the .

Bone marrow; Thymus

When an individual is exposed to an antigen that stimulates an immune response is referred to as __immunity; however when immunity is transferred from one organism to another it is referred to as _____ immunity.

Active; Passive

What is the ability of the defense system to recognize a foreign substance?

Specificity

What is the ability to recognize a previously encountered foreign substance?

Memory

What cells produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

Autoimmune diseases occur when defense mechanisms attack what kind of antigens?

Self

Excess fluid in the interstitial spaces is collected by which structures?

Lymphatic capillaries

Identify mechanisms of innate immunity, also called nonspecific resistance.

Production of antibodies, phagocytosis of a pathogen by a macrophage, inflammtion, removal of virally infected cells be NK cells ,and fever following an infections

Interferon activity is part of what type of immunity?

Innate

True or False: The membrane attack complex promotes lysing of cells.

False

Which of the following describes artificially acquired passive immunity?

Receiving tetanus antibodies

MHC-I molecules are found on:

Nuleated cells

The mechanisms by which antibodies can activate or affect the functioning of antigens include:

Antibody/antigen binding activates complement, antibody/anitgen binding causes inflammation, antibody binding clumping or precipitation of antigens by binding to two separate antigens, antibody binding to antigen blocks its ability to function

White blood cells, physical barriers and chemical mediators are three components of what kind of immunity?

Innate

A series of inactive plasma proteins that become activated through a cascade reaction that will promote inflammation, cell lysis and enhancement of phagocytosis of cells is called what?

Complement

The cells that phagocytize foreign antigens, process them and insert them on their cell along with MHC II proteins are called what kind of cells?

Antigen presenting

Explain how inflammation protects the body.

Promotes vasodilation that brings more phagocytes to the area, Stimulate the formation of antibodies that will prevent the spread of infection, Increased permeablility allows for complement to enter the tissue

What cells produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

Which cells destroy cells via lysing or perforins?

Cytotoxic T cell

Which cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells?

Helper T cell

Which cells present antigens to B and T cells?

Dendritic cells or macrophages

Which cells Inhibit activity of B cells, T cells and macrophages?

Regulatory T cell

Which of the following describes naturally acquired active immunity?

IgA antibodies from mother to baby during breast feeding

Where are antibodies found?

In body fluids outside of cells

What are the signs and symptoms of local inflammation?

Pain, Heat, Redness, Edema or swelling

The formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) results from what process?

Complement activation

Once a helper T cell has been presented with an antigen and costimulated it will do what?

Proliferate (clone)

Indicate the three components of innate immunity.

White blood cells, physical barriers and chemical mediators

Vasodialation and increased capillary permeability occur during which type of process?

Inflammation

Describe innate immunity

Determined genetically, typically present at birth

Which white blood cell is typically the first to respond to an infection?

Neutrophils

Which white blood cell fights parasitic infections and suppresses inflammation?

Eosinophils

Which white blood cell secretes histamine and heparin?

Basophils

Which white blood cell is important for immunity?

Lymphocytes

Which white blood cell becomes a macrophage?

Monocytes

Rank the white blood cells from the most numerous to the least numerous.

1, 5, 4, 3, 2

Describe the structure of a neutrophil.

Small cytoplasmic granules

Describe the structure of an eosinophil.

Cytoplasmic granules stain orange-red

Describe the structure of a basophil.

Large cytoplasmic granules

Describe the structure of a lymphocyte.

Small cells; small amount of cytoplasm

Describe the structure of a monocyte.

Largest leukocyte; no visible granules

Indicate the function of platelets

Phagocytosis of foreign matter, blood clot formation and controls the inflammatory response

The dissolution of a clot is accomplished by what process?

Fibrinolysis

What enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

Thrombin

During the platelet adhesion stage of platelet plug formation, platelets bind to what?

Collagen

The number of each type of white blood cell in a sample can be determined from what?

Differential white blood count

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as what?

Granulocytes

What compound released from damaged blood vessels initiates coagulation?

Collagen

What is lysozyme?

An enzyme secreted by neutrophils to combat bacteria

An accumulation of platelets which seals small vessels is called what?

Platelet plug

Name the hemostatic mechanisms.

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

What is the name of the leukocyte with a bi-lobed nucleus and bright red granules?

Eosinophils

List the white blood cells that are classified as granulocytes:

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Following clinical use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), what would be expected?

Increase in neutrophil count and dissolving of a clot

In hemostasis, in what order do the mechanisms occur?

Vascular spasm --> platelet plug formation blood clot formation

Leukocytes that have visible cytoplasmic granules are called what? While those without have visible granules are called what?

Granulocytes, agranulocytes

Describe a platelet plug:

An accumulation of platelets that seals breaks in small blood vessels.

What is Vascular spasm?

An immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that occurs when smooth muscle fibers contract

Name the agranulocytes:

Monocytes and lymphocytes

How many leukocytes are found in a normal sample of blood?

5000 - 10000 WBCs/microliter

The fibrous protein that makes up the matrix of a clot is called what?

Fibrin

Platelets are also referred to as what?

Thrombocytes

Plasma that has the clotting factors have been removed is called what?

Serum

Afferent lymphatics carry what?

Lymph from peripheral tissue capillary beds to lymph nodes

Which lymphatic structure filters blood?

Spleen

Which lymphatic structure filters lymph?

Lymph node

Which lymphatic structure removes interstitial fluid and proteins?

Lymphatic capillaries