Lec 2, Thurs BIOL 319 EXAM 1

Our red blood cells do not have…

Mitochondria

This means they make their ATP through…

glycolysis

Glycolysis process

1) Glucose 6C. 2) Spend 2 ATP. 1 at Hexokinase step 1 & 1 at Phosphofructokinase step 3. 3) Split into two 3c molecule 4) make 4 ATP 5) 2 pyruvic acids (3C each). 6) Net 2 ATP.

Glycolysis process does not directly require…

oxygen

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar, makes the brain not do what it wants to do & red blood cells don't get enough

First three main cells/tissues affected by hypoglycemia

Brain, RBC, Liver

4 hormones that alleviate blood sugar

Cortisol, Epinephrine/Adrenaline, Glucagon, Growth hormone.

Cortisol is good to…

lower inflammation and raise blood sugar

Glucagon is from…

alpha cells and the pancreas

Epinephrine/Adrenaline/Adrenal gland

upon the kidney

Growth hormone

Anterior pituitary

Mitosis

Growth and repair

Out of control Mitosis

Cancer

What is linked with lack of sleep?

High stress

High stress (list the process to Sickness!)

High stress for longer periods → Increase cortisol → Immune system gets compromised → we get sick

Free energy formula

deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS

Which type of reactions don't happen in nature?

+ΔG reactions

How do we make them happen in nature?

ATP hydrolysis

Position Emission Tomography

Can identify the metabolic states of various tissues. Pinpoints cells that are metabolically alive.

Tissues

Group of cells with similar form and function. Can be solid or fluid.

Example of tissue

Blood

4 types of tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Resting Membrane Potential

Intracellular is negative & Extracellular is positive

In both genders, after weight bearing exercise…

Testosterone goes up so we can turn on genes for satellite stem cell recruitment and repair that muscle.

Why is testosterone not good?

Not good for deep cerebral sleep

Enamel

most dense structure on our body

Dentin

Underneath enamel

Part above gingiva is…

Crown

Part below gingiva is…

Root

Laughter lowers…

Cortisol

Hydroxyapatite

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

Tooth number, top left to right

1-16

Tooth number, bottom right to left

17-32

In terms of cell NUMBER (NOT cell mass/volume) , everyone in this room is more…

Prokaryote than eukaryote.

Cranial nerve five

trigeminal

V1

upper nerve

V2

upper teeth

V3

lower teeth

Crack at tooth 18 leads to what?

Crack → infection → abscess with bacteria → pressure → prokaryotes get out of control & trigeminal nerve get very upset

When you don't brush your teeth…

You get a biofilm because the prokaryotes are going crazy

Cell physiology

Examines processes in cells.

Systemic physiology

Functions of organ systems

Neurophysiology

Focus on the nervous system.

Cardiovascular physiology

Heart and blood vessels.

Pathology

Structural and functional changes caused by disease

Exercise Physiology

Changes in structure and function caused by exercise

Pharmacology

study of drug and drug interaction

What starts with the letter K

the Danish word for clot and coagulation

Vitamin K

Blood clotting cofactor. Stored in the liver.

Chemical level

Atoms and molecules.

Cell level

Structural and functional unit of living organisms. Organelles carry out specific functions.

Tissue level

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Organ level

Two or more tissues functioning together.

Organism

Any living thing

Cereotic liver

Scarred liver. Has trouble storing vitamin K, which means they have trouble with blood clotting. Top 10 killer

Who gets Cerotic liver?

People who have trouble with alcoholism or substance abuse.

AP

action potential. Has excitable tissues.

Excitable

muscle and nervous. Can generate action potential once you have an RMP first.

What is KEY

EARLY DETECTION

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Apart of one of the 4 major excretory organs.

4 major excretory organs

Colon, liver, kidney, skin

Integumentary System functions…

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.

Largest organ in the body is

Skin, aka integument

Epidermis has ____ layers

Five

What are the top two layers

Corneum and Luceum

Skeletal System

Bone marrow, cartilages, ligaments, joints.

Skeletal system functions…

provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.

What are the two types of marrow cavities

Red marrow and yellow marrow

Red marrow

Active, red blood cell production

Yellow marrow

Inactive, filled with fat

What type of marrow do we have at birth?

Red marrow

The older we get, what more marrow do we get?

Yellow marrow

Muscular System

Muscle attached to skeleton by tendons.

Muscular system functions…

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.

What can we control voluntarily?

We can control skeletal muscle contraction, where we see an outward manifestation

Is it always voluntarily?

No, the two exceptions are shivering and reflexes.

Living things respond to…

Stimuli

If you can perceive it, you cant…

React to it

Nervous System

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Nervous system functions…

Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological process, and intellectual functions.

Full blown sympathetic fight or flight leads to…?

Pupils dilated → cortisol levels up → blood pressure up

If somebody comes to the door and scares us, where do we want blood flow to?

Skeletal muscle, Brain.

If somebody comes to the door and scares us, where do we DON'T REALLY WANT blood flow to?

Reproductive organs and GI tract & Initially blood flow to skin

Our brain runs on…

Glucose

Prefrontal cortices

Cognition, think and reason & cause and effect

Endocrine system

Has glands, pituitary, that secrete horomones.

Endocrine system functions…

Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction.

What hormone lowers low blood sugar?

insulin

What is the insulin receptor?

Tyrosine kinase, upregulates GLUT 4.

What happens if we don't regulate our blood sugar?

it starts to crystallize → go to lower extremities → start to block blood flow

Cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels, blood.

Cardiovascular system functions…

Transports nutrients, waste, gases, hormones. Body temp regulation.

Hemodynamics

Different blood flow to different regions based on stimuli

Lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

Lymphatic system functions

Combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.

Capillary beds are always…

Leaking fluid & the lymphatic system picks it up

Interstitium

Space between cells

What happens when we step on an ankle?

Damage tissue → Swelling, interstitium fluid → lymphatic system picks up fluid to repair tissue → goes through nodes,spleen → ends up in thoracic duct which dumps into a major vein in our neck

Respiratory system

Lungs and respiratory passages.

Respiratory functions…

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air and regulates blood pH.