Chemistry Practice Final Multiple Choice

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Chemistry Practice Final.

6.02 x 10^23

Avogadro's Number and is usually used to count the number of particles such as atoms and molecules.

CₙHₘ

molecular formula.

P₂O₅

molecular formula.

Hydrates

hydrated/anhydrous with water or anhydrous/hydrous without water.

limiting reactant

the reactant that is completely consumed and determines how much product is formed.

excess reactant

the reactant that is not completely consumed and is left over after the reaction is finished.

Effusion

the movement of a gas through a tiny opening or pinhole into a larger volume of gas.

Pressure

force per unit area.

Temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.

The total pressure of a system

the sum of the partial pressures of each component.

Diffusion

the mixing of one gas into another.

immiscible

Substances that cannot be dissolved infinitely in another liquid

An endothermic reaction

absorbs heat

An exothermic reaction

releases heat

Fusion

melting

endothermic

Energy is absorbed when products have less enthalpy than the reactants

Specific Heat

the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C.

ΔHvap > ΔHfus

is greater than

We cannot measure how much energy a substance has since everything is in

constant motion

ΔHvap

-ΔHcond

Calorie

the heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water 1°C.

Cold

the absence of heat

Enthalpy

the heat content of a system at constant pressure

Joule

SI unit for energy.

calorimeter

a well-insulated cylinder with a thermometer and a liquid like water inside used to determine the specific heat for an unknown substance.

Energy

the ability to do work or produce heat.

In the equation Q = mcΔT, c =

specific heat

exothermic

Energy is released when products have more enthalpy than the reactants.

Energy always transfers from to

high/low

insoluble

A solid, liquid, or gas that cannot be dissolved in another solid, liquid or gas

A solution with a high molarity must have a high

both a and b

Solvation

the process of surrounding a solute with a solvent to form a solution.

suspension

a mixture containing large particles that can settle out.

Tyndall effect

states that scattered colloid particles scatter light.

supersaturated

A solution is oversaturated at an elevated temperature and slowly cooled down.

miscible

Liquids that can be dissolved in another liquid like acid and water

Solutions are composed of

solutes dissolved in a solvents

The freezing point of a solution as you add solute since energy must be removed to freeze.

decreases/more

Brownian motion

the movement of colloidal particles as they are bounced around within a liquid.

Saturation

when the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved.

colloid

a mixture containing medium particles that do not settle out.

Molarity

measures the number of moles of a solute divided by the volume of the solution.

"Like dissolves like" means that polar molecules dissolve with

polar molecules

soluble

A solid liquid, or gas that can be dissolved in another solid, liquid or gas

The boiling point of a solution as you add solute since energy is required to boil.

increases/more

The three factors that affect the rate solvation are agitation, surface area, and _

temperature

properties depend on the number of particles and not on the type of substance.

Colligative

is used to dilute solutions to decrease its molarity.

Water

At equilibrium, the concentration of reactants and products is the same?

False

When Keq >1, then the _ are favored

products

Adding reactants to a reaction will create _

more products

Which of the following does NOT create stress on EVERY reaction?

Constant volume

is a state of balance where the rate of reactants and products formed is equal.

Equilibrium

states that applying stress to a reaction at equilibrium will shift the reaction in the appropriate direction to relieve the stress.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Removing heat from an exothermic reaction will increase the _ formed.

products

When calculating Keq, and concentrations can be canceled since they are pure.

solids/liquids

is a method for determining the concentration of a solution by reacting a known volume of that solution with a solution of known concentration.

Titration

A solution in which [H+] = 1.0 × 10^-2M is

acidic

A solution in which [H+] = 1.0 × 10^-12M is

basic

A solution in which [OH-] = 1.0 x 10^0M is

basic

A solution in which [OH-] = 1.0 × 10^-8M is

acidic

A solution in which [H+] or [OH-] = 1.0 × 10^-7M is

neutral

Strong acids/bases will have Keq _

>

HCl ⇌ H+ + Cl- shows the _ model for acids and bases.

Arrhenius

HCl + H₂O ⇌ H₃O+ + Cl- shows the _ model for acids and bases.

Brønsted-Lowry

pH literally stands for "

potential hydrogen

pOH literally stands for "

potential hydroxide

A _ acid/base is one that is completely dissociated or completely ionized.

strong

When acids and bases react, they always form and

water/salt

Acids produce hydrogen and bases produce hydroxide in aqueous solutions

ions

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds

Alkanes

When carbon forms covalent bonds with its neighbors it typically forms bonds because each carbon has valence electrons.

4, 4

Which of the following is NOT a hydrocarbon? hydrogen and carbon only

CH₃OH

Which of the following is an organic compound?

C₂H₆O₂