Chemistry Unit 3: Bonding <3

Khan Academy High School Chemistry

Same group

Elements in the same group have similar valence electrons and properties.

Octet rule

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons.

Halogens

Elements with 7 valence electrons that typically form -1 anions.

Fluoride anion

An example of a halogen anion with a -1 charge.

Oxide anion

An example of an anion with 6 valence electrons that typically forms a -2 charge.

Alkali metals

Elements with 1 valence electron that typically form +1 cations.

Alkali earth metals

Elements that typically form +2 cations.

Hydrogen

An exception that can form either +1 or -1 charge due to having one electron.

Ionic bonds

Formed between oppositely charged ions, typically between metals and nonmetals.

Lithium chloride

An example of an ionic compound formed from lithium (+1) and chloride (-1).

Calcium iodide

An example of an ionic compound with multiple ions to achieve a neutral charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Polyvalent ions

D-block elements that can have multiple oxidation states, named based on the anion.

Polyatomic ions

Groups of covalently bonded atoms that act as a single ion with a net charge.

Covalent bonds

Bonds formed by sharing electrons between two nonmetals.

Diatomic element

An element that exists naturally as a pair of atoms, e.g., O2.

Polar molecule

A molecule with a distribution of charge due to unequal sharing of electrons, e.g., water (H2O).

Lewis structures

Diagrams that represent electron pairs and bonds in molecules.

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms covalently bonded together.

Covalent network solids

Substances with a continuous network of covalent bonds, e.g., silica (SiO2).

Salt

A compound formed from the ionic bonding of cations and anions, e.g., NaCl.

Ionic solids

Arranged in a crystal lattice structure to balance charges.

Compound

A chemical substance made of two or more different elements, bonded either covalently or ionically.

Chemical

Any substance with a definite composition.

Metallic bond

A bond characterized by a "sea of valence electrons," allowing conductivity and malleability.