Topic 10 Regents Chemistry Review: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids

Acids

Classes of compounds recognized by easily observed properties like conducting electricity in aqueous solutions, turning blue litmus red, and having a pH less than 7.

Bases

Classes of compounds recognized by properties such as conducting electricity in aqueous solutions, turning red litmus blue, and having a pH greater than 7.

Arrhenius Acid

Defined as a substance that has hydrogen (H) and releases H+ ions in solution, like HCl and HBr.

Arrhenius Base

Defined as a substance that has hydroxide (OH) and releases OH- ions in solution, like NaOH and KOH.

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt, following the equation Acid + Base → Water + Salt.

Bronsted-Lowry Theory

Defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors, expanding upon the Arrhenius concept.

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Two substances related by donating and accepting a single proton, where a conjugate base is what remains after an acid donates a proton.

pH Scale

A logarithmic scale indicating acidity, with pH less than 7 being acidic, pH more than 7 being basic, and pH of 7 being neutral.

Titration

Process of adding measured volumes of known molarity acid/base to an unknown molarity solution until neutralization, used to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution.

Acidity

The level of acid present in a solution, typically measured by the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Electrolyte

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water, typically dissociating into ions.

Alkalinity

The level of alkaline (basic) substances present in a solution, often measured by the concentration of hydroxide ions.

Arrhenius

A Swedish scientist known for his theory of electrolytic dissociation, which explains the behavior of acids and bases in aqueous solutions.

Acid

A substance that donates protons (hydrogen ions) or accepts electron pairs in chemical reactions.

Hydrogen ion

A positively charged ion (H+) formed when an acid dissolves in water.

Hydronium ion

The hydrated form of the hydrogen ion (H3O+), present when acids dissolve in water.

Arrhenius base

A substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

Indicator

A substance that changes color in response to changes in pH, used to determine the endpoint of a titration.

Neutralization

The chemical reaction between an acid and a base to form water and a salt.

pH scale

A scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 considered neutral, values below 7 acidic, and values above 7 basic.

Salt

A compound formed from the reaction between an acid and a base, consisting of positive and negative ions other than hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

Titration

A laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of a substance in solution by reacting it with a known volume and concentration of another substance.