Chapter 1: The Human Body - Orientation, Organization, and Homeostasis

Flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 1: The Human Body, including anatomy & physiology foundations, body organization, planes, cavities, regions, anatomical terms, homeostasis, and body-fluid regulation.

What are the three primary anatomical planes?

Sagittal, Coronal (Frontal), and Transverse (Horizontal).

What is the standard anatomical position?

Standing upright with feet together, eyes facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward.

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

What is physiology?

The study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

What does the Principle of Complementarity state?

Form is related to function; anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) are closely interconnected; structure determines function.

Name the subdivisions of anatomy.

Gross/macroscopic, Systemic, Surface, and Microscopic (Cytology and Histology).

What are the subdivisions of physiology noted in the notes?

Physiology at cellular and molecular levels; understanding how chemical and physical principles underlie body functions.

List the levels of biological organization from chemical to organism.

Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level.

What is the building block for proteins?

Amino acids.

What is the building block for nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

What is the building block for carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

Do lipids have a single universal building block?

No; lipids do not have a single building block for all lipids.

What is the function of mitochondrial cristae?

To increase surface area for proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration.

What are the three basic cellular components that all cells possess?

A membrane (lipid bilayer), genetic material (DNA), and cytosolic fluid.

What are the four major tissue types?

Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous.

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

Provide support and integrity for other tissues and organs.

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

Lines walls of open tubes and surfaces; provides secretory and absorptive functions; exhibits basal and apical surfaces.

What are glia and what do they do?

Glia provide protection, nourishment, and support to nerve cells.

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Nerves provide long-distance communication within the body.

What does ATP stand for and what is its role?

Adenosine triphosphate; the primary energy source for cells.

Are humans autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs.

How many essential life functions are listed in the notes, and can you name some?

Eight: Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.

What are the essential survival needs listed?

Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, Nutrients, and Atmospheric pressure.

Why is oxygen essential to life?

It is required for release of energy from nutrients; without it, life cannot be sustained for long.

What is the normal body temperature mentioned, and why is it important?

Approximately 37°C; deviations affect the rates of chemical reactions.

What maintains body boundaries?

Separation between internal and external environments via plasma membranes and the skin.

What enables movement in the body?

The muscular system; skeletal muscles move body parts and smooth/cardiac muscles move substances and blood.

What is responsiveness?

The ability to sense and respond to stimuli.

What is digestion?

Breakdown of ingested food and absorption of nutrients.

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions in body cells; sum of catabolism and anabolism.

What is excretion?

Removal of wastes produced by metabolism and digestion.

What is reproduction at the cellular and organismal level?

Cellular reproduction for growth/repair; organismal reproduction for offspring.

What is growth in biological terms?

Increase in size of a part or organism, or growth of a single cell.

How many organ systems are there and what is their purpose?

11 organ systems; they work together to service the cells and maintain life.

Name the 11 organ systems.

Integumentary, Endocrine, Reproductive, Nervous, Immune/Lymphatic, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Urinary, Musculoskeletal, Digestive, (and sometimes the Interdependent systems)

What organs are in the Integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.

What is the role of the Endocrine system?

Hormone-secreting glands coordinating body functions.

Which organs are part of the Nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

What organs are included in the Immune/Lymphatic system?

Lymphoid tissue, spleen, thymus, various immune cells.

What organs comprise the Cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, blood.

Which organs are part of the Respiratory system?

Nasal passages, trachea, lungs.

Which organs are included in the Urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

What structures are in the Musculoskeletal system?

Bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, ligaments.

What organs are in the Digestive system?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, intestines.

What is the location of the brain and spinal cord within body cavities?

Brain in the Cranial cavity; spinal cord in the Spinal cavity (part of the Dorsal Cavity).

Which body cavity contains the heart?

Pericardial cavity within the Thoracic (ventral) cavity.

Which body cavity contains the lungs?

Pleural cavities within the Thoracic (ventral) cavity.

What are the dorsal cavities?

Cranial and Spinal cavities.

What are the ventral cavities?

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities.

Name the nine abdominal regions.

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac; Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar; Right iliac, Hypogastric, Left iliac.

Name the four abdominal quadrants.

Right upper quadrant; Left upper quadrant; Right lower quadrant; Left lower quadrant.

Define anterior and give an example.

Toward the front of the body; e.g., sternum anterior to the spine.

Define posterior and give an example.

Toward the back of the body; e.g., buttocks posterior to the umbilicus.

Define medial and give an example.

Closer to the midline of the body; e.g., heart is medial to the shoulder.

Define lateral and give an example.

Away from the midline toward the side; e.g., ears are lateral to the nose.

Define superior and give an example.

Toward the head; e.g., shoulder is superior to the hip.

Define inferior and give an example.

Toward the feet; e.g., ankle is inferior to the knee.

Define proximal and give an example.

Closer to the trunk or point of reference; e.g., elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Define distal and give an example.

Farther from the trunk or point of reference; e.g., toes distal to the ankle.

Define superficial and deep.

Superficial is closer to the surface; deep is farther from the surface.

What is a midsagittal section?

A sagittal plane that divides the body into left and right portions at the midline.

What are the planes of section?

Transverse (horizontal), Coronal (frontal), Sagittal; Midsagittal divides left and right at the midline.

What are the major body cavities and their general contents?

Cranial (brain), Spinal (spinal cord), Thoracic (heart and lungs), Abdominopelvic (abdomen and pelvis).

What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid?

ICF is fluid inside cells; ECF is fluid outside cells.

How does capillary filtration work in maintaining fluid balance?

Arterial end experiences hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid out;Venous end experiences colloid osmotic pressure drawing fluid in.