Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Flashcards

Practice flashcards covering Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, including public health metrics, risk assessment, environmental factors, nutrition, and lifecycle-specific health promotion based on the provided lecture notes.

What is health protection (ochrana veřejného zdraví)?

A complex of legal, administrative, organizational, and technical measures implemented by the state and public authorities to prevent environmental and occupational hazards from affecting human health.

How does the WHO define health?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

What is the difference between mortality and morbidity indicators?

Mortality indicators measure death rates (e.g., crude death rate, infant mortality), while morbidity indicators measure disease frequency (incidence and prevalence).

Define 'Incidence' and 'Prevalence'.

Incidence is the number of new cases in a population over a unit of time; Prevalence is the total number of existing cases at a given point or period in time.

What formula is used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)?

$$\text{BMI} = \text{Weight [kg]} / \text{Height [m]}^2$$

Why is age standardization important when comparing populations?

Age acts as a powerful confounding variable because risk increases with age; standardization adjust rates to a single standard reference population for valid comparison.

What are the three components of the Epidemiological Triad Model of Causation?

Agent (the necessary factor), Host (intrinsic factors), and Environment (extrinsic factors).

What is the goal of Primary Prevention?

To eliminate risk factors and completely prevent the biological onset of a disease in healthy individuals (e.g., vaccination).

What is the objective of Quaternary Prevention?

To identify patients at risk of over-medicalization and protect them from unnecessary medical interventions or iatrogenic harm.

Define the 'Prevention Paradox' in mass strategies.

A population-wide measure brings massive benefits to the community but offers little noticeable advantage to most participating individuals.

What are the four steps of the Health Risk Assessment (HRA) framework?

1. Hazard Identification, 2. Dose-Response Assessment, 3. Exposure Assessment, 4. Risk Characterization.

How is the Reference Dose (RfD) calculated for non-linear threshold models?

By identifying the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) and dividing it by uncertainty factors.

What is the Hazard Quotient (HQ) formula for non-carcinogenic threshold hazards?

$$HQ = \text{Exposure} / \text{RfD}$$

Which level of Lifetime Excess Cancer Risk conventionally demands immediate regulatory intervention?

Risks exceeding 1 in 10,000 ($10^{-4}$).

What are the primary photometric units for visible light?

Luminous Intensity (candela [cd]), Luminous Flux (lumens [lm]), Illuminance (lux [lx]), and Luminance ($\text{cd/m}^2$).

How is the Daylight Factor (činitel denní osvětlenosti) defined?

The percentage ratio of the simultaneous illuminance at an indoor testing point to the outdoor horizontal illuminance under an unobstructed sky.

Which neurohormone coordinate metabolic relaxation in the absence of light?

Melatonin, synthesized by the pineal gland when controlled by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).

What are the standard humidity and ventilation recommendations for an indoor microclimate?

Relative humidity should be $30\%$ to $60\%$ and fresh air supply should be a minimum of $30\text{ m}^3\text{ per hour per occupant}$.

What is Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)?

A condition where building occupants experience acute health complaints (mucosal irritation, headaches) that intensify while inside and resolve once they exit.

What are the two pathological vectors of noise exposure?

Auditory effects (direct structural damage above $80$–$85\text{ dB(A)}$) and Informational effects (psychological/autonomic stress between $40$ and $70\text{ dB(A)}$).

What is a 'C5 dip' in audiology?

A characteristic sensorineural hearing loss at $4000\text{ Hz}$ caused by prolonged exposure to high-intensity noise.

Define the difference between Deterministic and Stochastic effects of radiation.

Deterministic effects occur after a threshold is breached and severity scales with dose; Stochastic effects (like cancer) have no threshold, and probability increases with dose.

Which radioactive gas seeps from granite bedrock and acts as a major cause of lung cancer?

Radon ($^{222}Rn$).

What is the Paracelsus Principle?

The Dose Makes the Poison (Sola dosis facit venenum).

Define ADME in toxicokinetics.

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination.

How does Carbon Monoxide ($CO$) cause systemic cellular hypoxia?

It binds to hemoglobin with an affinity $200$ times higher than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin ($COHb$) and preventing oxygen delivery.

What is the difference between $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$?

$PM_{10}$ (under $10\ \mu\text{m}$) are trapped in the upper respiratory tract; $PM_{2.5}$ (under $2.5\ \mu\text{m}$) penetrate deep into alveoli and cross into systemic circulation.

What is the nitrate limit in drinking water for infants to prevent methemoglobinemia?

$15\text{ mg/L}$.

What do Escherichia coli and Enterococci in water indicate?

Fecal contamination ($E. coli$ indicates fresh contamination, Enterococci indicate higher resistance to chlorination).

What are the energy values for Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids?

Carbohydrates: $17\text{ kJ/g}$; Proteins: $17\text{ kJ/g}$; Lipids: $38\text{ kJ/g}$.

What is the function of Dietary Fiber?

Adds fecal bulk, slows glucose absorption, and is fermented by the colonic microbiome into short-chain fatty acids like butyrate.

Which nutrient deficiency causes scurvy and what is its role?

Vitamin C; it acts as a cofactor for collagen synthesis.

What is the IARC classification for processed meat?

Group 1 Human Carcinogen.

What are the waist circumference risk thresholds for metabolic complications?

Exceeding $94\text{ cm}$ in men or $80\text{ cm}$ in women (elevated risk); exceeding $102\text{ cm}$ in men or $88\text{ cm}$ in women (substantially increased risk).

What are the clinical signs of SGA Class C (Severely Malnourished)?

Ongoing weight loss exceeding $10\%$ of body mass, significant functional impairment, and obvious physical muscle wasting.

When should the newborn screening blood sample be collected?

Between $48$ and $72$ hours after birth.

What are the absolute contraindications for breastfeeding in high-resource countries?

Maternal HIV infection, active untreated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HTLV-I/II infection, illegal drug use, or infant Galactosemia.

What is the recommended daily folic acid intake for women of childbearing age?

$400\ \mu\text{g}$ per day to prevent Neural Tube Defects (NTDs).

What are the categories of work under Czech legislation based on health risk?

Category 1 (negligible), Category 2 (minimal), Category 3 (limits exceeded, PPE mandatory), Category 4 (high-risk, strict authorization required).

What is Rose’s Population Strategy?

Addressing underlying causes across the whole community to shift the entire risk factor distribution downward.

Define 'Sensitivity' in screening.

$$\text{Sensitivity} = \frac{\text{True Positives (TP)}}{\text{True Positives (TP)} + \text{False Negatives (FN)}}$$

What is Lead-Time Bias in screening?

An artificial inflation of survival time because screening detects disease earlier, without actually delaying the time of death.