Intelligence and Psychological Assessment

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and definitions related to intelligence and psychological assessment based on the lecture notes.

Psychological Assessment

specified procedures to evaluate abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities

Reliability

The consistency of a measure, such as test-retest reliability.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure.

Standardization

Involves uniform testing procedures to ensure comparability.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A score derived from standardized tests to measure human intelligence, calculated as (MA/CA) x 100

Based on normal curve of same aged peers

Binet's Intelligence Test

The first workable intelligence test developed by Binet in 1905 to differentiate between developmentally disabled children and normal children.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Verbal and performance subscales, like an SAT

Genotype

Genetic makeup

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual

Twin Studies

Different kinds of twins raised separately but have IQ correlational score of +.75

Adopted Child Studies

Child and biological mother correlational IQ of +.16

The Flynn Effect

Enriches environment can increase IQ by +3 points per decade.

Schema

Patterns of thinking that children from at each stage of development

Attachment

A strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances.

Assimulation

Schema stays the same, new experience added into preexisting schema

Accommodation

Schema changes to adapt new experience

Secure Attachment

A style of attachment characterized by distress when separated from caregivers and joy when reunited.

Avoidant Attachment

A style of attachment in which an individual shows little distress when separated and avoids contact upon reunion.

Ambivalent Attachment

A style of attachment in which an individual shows intense distress when separated and ambivalence upon reunion.

Cognitive Development

The development of thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities in children.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Four stages through which children progress: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed. 9~ months

Sensorimotor Stage

Children experience the world through senses and actions at 0-2 years of age

Preoperational Stage

Children uses symbolic thinking to explore and understand the world. Magical thinking, pretend play, at 2-7 years old

Concreate Operational Stage

Child understands operation and thinks more logically in reference to concrete objects and circumstances. 7-11 years

Formal Operational Stage

Children can use abstract reasoning and abstract logic. 11 years of age

Conservation

The understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.

Phenome

basic unit of speech, romanization

Morpheme

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning, like pre & suffixes

Syntax

surface strx, grammar

semantics

deep strx, connect vocab to visual

extralinguistic cues

nonverbals, tones & nods

critical period hypothesis

specific time period to expose a child to certain stim for development

secure attatchment

distress when mom leave, happy when return

avoidant attatchment

unresponsive when mom leaves or returns

ambivalent

upset when mom leaves and returns

authoritative parenting style

control and warm

authoritatian

cold and control

permissive

warm and no control

uninvolved

cold and no control

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety arising from conflicts.

kubler ross 5 stages of death

denial, anger, bargain, depression, acceptance

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory comprising a five-tier model of human needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Social-Cognitive Theory

A theory emphasizing the role of observational learning and reciprocal determinism in the development of personality.

The Big Five Personality Traits

A model encompassing five broad dimensions of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

James Lange Theory

Body changes lead to emotions

Stim > body > fear

Cannon Bard

Body changes and emotions are together

Stim > body + fear

Schachter Singer

Thoughts about body changes lead to emotions

Stim > body > thoughts > fear

Cognitive Appraisal

Thoughts abt situation lead to emotions

stim > thought > fear

orbitofrontal cortext

processes emotional cues

amydala

processes emotional significance of stim, generate response, dmg to impairs fear conditioning

sympathetic nervous system

a part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress-related activities, often referred to as the fight or flight response.

parasympathetic nervous system

a part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and resources during restful periods, often referred to as the rest and digest response.

stress

pattern of response an organism makes to stim events that disturb equilibrium

stressor

stim that induces stress

coping

dealing with overwhelming demands

stressor characteristics

intensity, duration, predictability, controllability,

problem focus coping

fix the problem

emotion focus coping

minimize emotional tax, out of sight out of mind

seeking social support

ranting

general adaptation syndrome

exposure to long term stress causing health issues

alarm

the initial reaction to stress, characterized by fight-or-flight responses and activation of the body's stress response system.

resistance

is the stage where the body attempts to adapt to the stressor, using its resources to cope with continued stress after the initial alarm phase. immune fx suppressed to release cortisol

exhaustion

the final stage of general adaptation syndrome, where the body's resources are depleted, leading to increased vulnerability to illness and inability to cope with stressors.

personality

stable emotional response, thoughts, behaviors, and characteristics

personality trait

Enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that influence an individual's actions across various situations.

Temperament

general tendency's to feel or act in certain waygeneral tendency's to feel or act in certain way

Objective test (MMPI-2)

Psychological assessments that measure specific traits in a standardized manner, often using questionnaires or structured formats.

Projective tests

psychological assessments that use ambiguous stimuli, like pictures or words, to elicit responses that reveal underlying thoughts and feelings.

rorschach test

a projective test consisting of inkblots created by Hermann Rorschach, designed to analyze a person's personality and emotional functioning based on their interpretations of the images.

Thematic apperception test

Gives patient pictures and has them respond and rearranged

Psychodynamic Theory

Personality rooted in unconscious conflicts between desires and actuality

psychic determinism

everything has a cause,and is determined by unconscious decisions.

ego

monitors demands of id and superego

reality principle

the governing principle of the ego that seeks to satisfy the id's desires in a realistic and socially appropriate manner.

super ego

internalize rules “conscience”

id

impulsive and illogical psychic energy

pleasure principle

human instinct that drives people to satisfy their need

concious level

everything you are aware of at the moment

preconcious

mental activity that can be easily brought to awareness

unconcious

activity well below level of awareness

anxierty

causes by conflict among id, ego, and superego

defense mechanisms

strats ppl use to avoid anxiety fron psychological conflicts

displacement

redirected desires that cannot be fufilled in one

reaction formula

blocked desires are replaces with behaviour that is the opposite of the original intent

rationalization

unacceptable behaviors may be reinterpreted as positive

projection

ones own blocked desired become projected onto another person

humanistic theory of personality

Self actualization, growth potential, free choice and self determination makes us human. Maslow and Roger

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

A psychological theory proposing a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels, where basic needs must be met before higher-level needs, such as self-actualization, can be pursued. Physiological, safety, love and belonigng, esteem, self actualization, self transdence

Banduras Social Cognitive Theory

emphasizes role of observational learning in personality development

reciprocal determinism

reciprocal interaction exist among cognition, envio, and behaviour

self efficacy

belief that one can perform adequately, influences how much effort u expend and how long you perisist

5 factor model

a personality framework that identifies five core traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.