fmst 210 final summary

4 theories of human development

1. psychoanalytic

2. behaviourist

3. socal learning theory (bandura)

4. cognitive

5. systems

psychoanalytic theory

development and behaviour are a result of the interplay between inner drives, memories and conflicts; unconcscious decisions; 1) Freud’s psychosexual 2) Erikson’s psychosocial

Freud’s psychosexual theory

behaviour is driven by unconscious impulses outside our awareness; sexual gratification based

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

included the role of the social world in shaping our sense of self; stages needed to pass

Behaviourist theory

Observable behaviour; 1) pavlov’s classical conditioning 2) skinner’s operant conditioning

pavlov’s classical conditioning

associating environmental stimuli w physiological responses

skinner’s operant conditioning

behaviour becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences; positive outcome = repitition

Social leanring theory (bandura)

1) observational learning 2) reciprocal determinism

observational learning

people learn from observing and initiating models; watching and learning from outcome; ex. playing w doll

reciprocal determinism

individuals and the environment interact and influence each other

cognitive development

development and behaviour are the result of thought or cognition; piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

children and adults use their ability to think to better understand their environment

systems theory

emphasizes the role of social context in development

Bioecological systems theory

both the role of the individual and that individual’s social interactions

maternal characteristics and behvaiours

1. nutrition

2. maternal illness

3. emotional well-being

4. age

5. prenatal care

nutrition

2-3 kcals a day

maternal illness

zika virus, measels

emotional well-being

living in bad environment = stress

age

women who give birth in early 40s have high risk of child w down syndrome, compilations in birthing process, and rissk when beign born

prenatal care

services provided for pregnant women to make pregnancy and birth process easier; ultrasounds, medicaitions; minorities/SES restricts access bc of lack of time, transportation and mistreatment; teens deny it

consequences on pubertal timing

1. genetics

2. weight/nutrition (higher levels of estrogen)

3. stress (early menstration)

   1. SES (obsesity)

psychosocial challenges of reaching puberty early/later

1. early maturation worse

2. poor body image

3. sexual attention

4. depressionn and anxiety

   1. hanging out w older kids - exposure to illicit activities

synaptogenesis

the formation of new synapses

synaptic pruning

loss of unused neural connections; makes brain more efficient; need to interact and stimulate the child so those synapses get used and don’t get pruned away

parent characteristics of child maltreatment

1. parents may not have knowledge about normal child development - may think children are stubborn and believe that they misbehave on purpose

2. parents have more impulse control and lash out of reactivity

marijuana in teens and young adults in canada

avg age of first use is 14 and males have higher rates of usage

assimilation (piaget)

integrating new experience into a preexisting schema

accomodation (piaget)

modifying or creating schema in light of new info

vygosky’s sociocultural perspective

1. guided participation

2. zone of proximal development

guided participation

A more skilled partner is attuned to the needs of the child and guides them to accomplish more than what can be done alone (ex. Bake cake)

zone of proximial development

gap between child’s competence level and what she can do w assitance

information processing system

1. sensory memory

2. working memory

3. long-term memory

sensory memory

holds incoming sensory information in its original of one of 5 senses

working memory

holds and processes info that is being worked on; manipulated, coded or retrieved 1) central executive 2) executive functionx

central executive

directs the flow of info and regulates cognitive activities, such as attention, action and problem solvinge

executive function

cognitive process of understanding info, making decisions and solving problems; follows what the central executive tells it to do

long-term memory

unlimited store that holds info indefinitely

risk taking behaviours in adolescent decision making

limbic system develops first; will focus on pros > cons and downplay risks

the flynn effect

within each 10 year period, IQ scores went up by 3 points bc more ppl are being educated

SES and IQ

1. race: lowest to highest —> black ppl, hispanics, whites

2. SES: environmental influences, culture, nutrition, resources

3. Education

language development

1. phonology

2. morphology

3. semantics

4. syntax

5. pragmatics

phonology

knowledge of sounds used in a given language; detect, discriminate and produce

morphology

understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words

semantics

meaning or context of words and sentences; vocab, synonyms and antonyms

syntax

knowledge of sentence structure

pragmatics

understanding how to use language to communicate effectively; u would speak differently to a 2 year old vs a 40 year old

poverty and language development

less developed language skills bc less exposure to speech and lower quality parent-child interactions

four stages of attachment formaiton (bowlby)

1. indiscriminate social responsiveness

2. discriminating sociability

3. attachments

4. reciprocal relationships

indiscriminate social responsiveness (birth to 2 monts)

u dont care who takes care of u & anybody can step in to relieve stress

discriminating sociability (2-7 months)

prefer familiar ppl to unfamiliar ppl; realize that there are 2 parents who are constantly there

attachments (7-24 months)

form bc caregiver continuously relieves their stress

reciprocal relationships (24+ months)

enjoying a specific person’s company

securely attached

strong internal working model, desire intimacy; 65% of parents achieve

insecurely attached

poor internal working model; don’t seek close relationships

self-concept

how we describe and see ourselves

self-esteem

how we evaluate ourselves based on self-wroth, acceptance and respect; sense of self

contextual influences on self concept, self esteem and identity development

1. relationships w caregivers & teachers

2. SES - more opportunities to explore identity and attend uni

3. culture - western vs eastern

4. perceived control - how much control do u think u have over life

care orientation (moral reasoning)

desire to maintain relationships and responsibly not to cause harm; women more likely

justice orientation (moral reasoning)

 based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism; men were more likely

prosocial behaviour

voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another

biological influences on prosocial behaviour

genes influence oxytocin (associated w attachment)

cognitive influences on prosocial behaviour

advances social behaviour

contextual influences on aggression

1. familial - spanking and controlling behaviour

2. exposure to aggressive models - violence

3. community factors - poor communities have little education, fewer recreation, less perceived control

androgyny

both masculine and feminine; higher self esteem, morally and emotionally mature and compentent; more satisfied w life than others (relationship and work)

parents on gender development

different perceptions and expectations for each gender; encourage gender-typed behaviours

peers and gender developement

reinforce gender-typed behaviours and criticize cross-gender activities

emerging sexuality

discover gentials and realize stimulating them is pleasurable

protective factors for teen pregnacy

1. parenting education & skills - more prepared, more calm and better at handling

2. support - from family and community - being supportive, gov’t services

3. involvement of baby daddy

contextual influences of SA and sexual coercion

1. rape myths + blaming women

2. gender rele stereotyping - encourages male dominance, aggressiona dn competition (toxic and hypermasculinity)

young adult sexual activity

1. high frequency except if in a new relationship

2. modest decline over time - women after menopause cant get pregnant

3. frequency associated w emotional, sexual and relationship satisfaction and overall happiness

cohabitation

• rasied from 6% to 24% past 50 years (quebec highest rate)

• low income and levels of educational cohabitation

protective factors of child experience in single parent families

1. when parents get along

2. reduces numbers of transitions child has to experience

lesbian and gay families

children are more socially competent, higher academic achievement, lower levels of aggression, express less gendered behaviour

parent-child relationships

1. authoritative

2. authoritarian

3. permissive

4. uninvolved

authoritarian (HWLC)

children have high academic achievement, less self-reliance, gets along w others, comfortable w telling parents their troubles

authoritarian (LWHC)

lower academic achivement, less self-reliant, bad at conflict resolution bc parents shut them downper

permissive (HWLC)

terrible roomates, do wtv they want, irresponsible

uninvolved (LWLC)

poor behaviour, psychological development, health problems, rejected by peers, aggressive

concerted cultivation (NA)

makes an effort to cultivate skills and abilities of children to the fullest bc they know whats gonna help them get ahead in life

accomplishment

when parents assume children will accomplish things naturally

cultivation

when parents are involved in improving their kids

inductive discipline

1. parents model effective conflict resolution

2. focuses on behaviour and not child’s characteristics

3. helps children internalize rules and standards

physical discipline

authoritarian parents, young, mothers; most think its effective but wish they didnt do it

positive parental contributions to sibling relationships

• need to be authoritative and form a secure attachment

• facilitate conflict resolution

negative parental contributions to sibling relationships

• insecure attachment & other parenting styles

• fight w own siblings in adulthood

• favour one child over another

physical and socioemotional benefits of play

1. increase gross and fine motor skills; builds muscle

2. decision making abilities, such as deciding what to play and how to play

Importance of Mastering Reading and Mathematics in Primary School

1. provides a foundation for future learning

2. children w early reading deficits are behind in primary and secondary school

3. social deficits - may fall behind peers —> peer rejection and bullying

achievement motivation

willingness to persist at challenging tasks, leads to success, begins in infants; mastery motivation

mastery motivation

begins w infant’s drive to explore, understand and master environment —> high self-concept, self regulation and academic achievement; need to engage and nurture environments where young ones can control stomuli and interactions; psychosocial developmental stages

erikson’s psychosocial developmental stages

1. autonomy vs shame and doubt

2. initiative vs guilt

3. industry vs inferiority

autonomy vs shame and doubt

kids do new things

initiative vs guilt

kids learn new things to master environment

industry vs inferiority

enter school and start academics, sense of industry (control)

parents and achievement motivation

faciliate autonomy, industry and intiitative; influence motivation; provide resources and opportunities

parental influence on career

1. implement education attainment - pay for better education, show importance of education

2. occupation - children motivated to pursue the same career as parents

3. some parents work to live and others live to work

unpaid work

children, housework, shopping, maintenance

paid work

jobs w income; Financial support, Structure and identity, Stress or time pressure, especially when combined with family responsibilities

work-life balance

managing both types of work in a way that supports: Mental and physical health, Family relationships, Productivity and satisfaction