Women, authority and power test 1

chapters 1 and 2

Debate

aim is to prove that your point is correct and the other is incorrect through arguing

Dialogue

Seeks to understand by fostering deep listening, shared learning, and building a collective perspective with no intention of winning or losing.

Political authority

(Political insiders) getting elected, part of their job, hired and in government in some capacity

Political clout/power

(political outsider) people outside of government trying to influence government

The paradox of women’s representation in the United States

Women make up more than half the U.S. population, but are significantly underrepresented in political leadership and decision-making positions

According to the Declaration of Independence (1776), why do people create governments?

to secure our intrinsic rights. (life, liberty and pursuit of happiness)

3 natural rights (inalienable rights) identified in the Declaration of Independence

Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

3 branches of US national and state governments

Executive (implements policies abd puts them into action), Judicial (resolves legal complications, court system), and Legislative (makes laws, and develops and approves legislation)

3 levels of government in the US

National (1), State (50), local (over 4k)

Popular sovereignty

the principle that governments authority comes for the consent governed

Direct democracy

people Directly decide on policy initiatives without elected officials

Representative (indirect) democracy

Officials are supposed to represent constituents (the people in their geographic area)

Who gained the right to vote with the 15th Amendment (1870)

Black men

Who gained the right to vote with the 19th Amendment (1920)

Women

Who gained the right to vote with the 26th Amendment (1971)

lowered voting age from 21 to 18

What were the goals of the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (1884)

It was a response to the Declaration of Independence. The goals were to get equal rights for women. Used the same language as the Declaration of Independence to show the hypocrisy of it. Highlights double standards and proposes solutions at the end.

Legal doctrine of coverture

when a man and women get married, the woman looses her rights

Sperate spheres doctrine

ideology that says men and women should be in different public and private spheres of life (men in public working and in politics while women un private doing house work and childcare)

Delegate representation

elected officials act in the interest of the people who elected them

Trustee representation

public trusts elected official to act as they see fit even if it means going against what the people who elected them think

Politico representation

mix of the two models. Representative act as a delegate or trustee depending on the issue

Intersectionality

looks at how multiple social identities like race, gender, class, sexual orientation, and ability intersect and create unique experiences

formal representation

A political actor given permission to act on behalf of others

Plurality of votes

the most votes (not necessarily the majority)

Majority

Over 50% votes

descriptive representation

Looks at demographic characteristics of representation. Peoples characteristics matter and the people representing us should look like us

symbolic representation

the government symbolically represents the people

substantive representation

Government will listen to the people and make decisions based on that

general election

voting for who will be in office

primary election

how you get on the ballot (how parties choose candidates)

incumbent

The current holder of an office or position

Policy making processes

legislative processes, executive orders, ballot measures, elections, and street-level bureaucrats discretion

Legislative processes

A law gets passed (legislative branch/Congress has authority)

Executive orders

Directive by the president that manages operations but isn't law (president has authority)

Ballot measures (direct democracy)

Allows citizens to vote directly on policy. (state and local legislatures have authority)

Elections

We influence who geta authority and who can make policies (federal, state, and local legislatures have authority)

Street level bureaucrats discretion

Decide how to interpret, regulate, and enforce laws (citizens have authority)

Four ways people participate in politics to get political clout

voting, protests, civil disobedience and lobbying

Political Action Committee (PAC)

raises and spends money to influence elections and public policy. Women disadvantaged by this because of history of pay gap and lack of work for women

The First wave of women's suffrage movement

aimed to secure women’s fundamental rights with a primary focus on the right to vote. Included the Seneca falls convention. Came about because of the World Abolitionist convention in 1840 where women were banned from sitting in the room so Elizabeth and Staton realized that women need to be able to vote in order to make change

National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA)

co-founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Dedicated to winning a federal amendment for women’s suffrage. Membership was only women and were active in a range of causes like working conditions for women, divorce reform, and elevating the position of women in churches

American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA)

led by Lucy Stone and Henry Ward Beecher. Concentrated only on the right to vote. Focused on state-by-state campaign for the ballot instead of federal reform

National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

The two groups (NWSA and AWSA) merged into one and focused on obtaining the right to vote in individual states

Winning plan

created by NAWSA leader Carrie Chapman. Called for abandoning the state-by-state campaigns that held yielded limited success in favor of a single minded focus on federal constitutional amendment.

Justice/equality rationale

says that denying women the right to vote was an infringement on their fundamental rights as citizens which leads to their exclusion from the political processes and hinders their ability to advocate for themselves and achieve social and economic equality

Expediency

The arguments that women should be able to vote for societal benefit rater than just justice and equality

Congressional Union for Woman’s Suffrage

advocated a policy of holding the party in power responsible for the lack of suffrage

Black Women activists for civil rights

Civic Responsibility

women feel the need to participate to improve their communities

NAACP (National association for the advancement of Colored people)

Advocated for African American Women’s right to vote by lobbying congress, challenging voter discrimination through litigation, and organizing black women to secure their political rights

League of Women Votes (LWV)

Created by NAWSA leaders after the 19th amendment. They focused on educating the importance of voting for women and educating women on candidates and voting processes.

National Women’s Party

Promotes other rights through the equal rights amendment

Second wave of women’s suffrage

involved multiple movements like movements for black women, social welfare, etc. Questions why women still aren’t happy after getting the right to vote. A lot of women working pink collar jobs which are low paying and dominated by women. Women don’t have the same opportunities as men

The two branches of the 2nd wave

The younger branch include younger women. They aren’t really focused on legislation, but are more focused on changing gender roles expectations. The older branch includes older women and they have been involved in politics for some time. They are more focused on getting laws changed.