hgap studies 12-16 mod

antinatalist policies

government or societal measures to reduce birth rates and control population growth by discouraging reproduction

pronatalist policies

government or societal efforts to increase birth rates through incentives and support for families, often to counter declining populations and shrinking workforces

Women's status

refers to her social, economic, and political standing relative to men

women's empowerment

the process and state of gaining equal rights, power, and access to resources, leading to greater agency over choices and lives

aging population

a demographic shift where the proportion of older adults (typically defined as those aged 65 or over) in a society increases over time.

median age

the point at which half of a population is younger and half is older

life expectancy

the average period that a person may expect to live.

spatial mobility

the physical movement of individuals, information, or objects from one location to another

social mobility

the movement of an individual or family up or down the socio-economic ladder

migration

the movement of people from one location to another

migrant

a person who moves from their usual place of residence, either within their own country or across international borders, for various reasons and for a temporary or permanent duration

non-migrants

someone or something that does not engage in migration, or movement from one place to another

origin

A persons location before migration

destination

The place of which the migrant is going

emigration or out-migrants

People who leave their country of origin

emigration or out-migration

The act of a migrant leaving their place of origin

immigration or in-migration

The act of a migrant arriving at their country of destination

immigrants or in-migrants

People who arrive at their destination country

migration stream

The flow of migrants from an origin to a destination

counterstream

the flow of all migrants in the direction opposite a particular migration stream from it's destination back to the origin

brain drain

experienced and more skilled people leaving a country

brain gain

experienced and skilled people immigrate to a country

push pull theory

Theory asserting that two contrasting set of factors are at work in migration decisions

push factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

pull factors

Attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

intervening obstacles

The potential complications that migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

social networks

People's friends and relatives

Intervening opportunity

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going the intended destination further away

Voluntary migration

Migration done willingly

International migration

The permanent movement of people from one country to another

Guest worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Transnational migration

When migrants move back and fourth between their home country and those to which they have migrated

Internal migration or Interregional migration

When people move within the borders of a country

Great migration

The twentieth century movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural southern states to the cities of the midwestern and northeastern states

Rural to Urban Migration

When people move from the countryside to cities

residential mobility

Moves that occur within a metropolitan area

Step or stepwise migration

Migration carried out in steps or stages usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places

Chain migration

The process by which some people's migration to a new place leads their family members, friends and others to move to the same place

return migration

Migrants going back or returning to their place of origin

Black belt

Ethnic homeland in the U.S. South

Seasonal migration

Migration based on the time of year

Transhumance

A phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures

mobility transition model

Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky's conclusion that there are regularities in migration as an essential component of a country's modernization process

circulation

the short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements of people and goods that occur regularly on a daily, weekly, or seasonal basis

forced migration

Migration caused by forces out of ones control such as disasters, social conflicts or developmental projects.

refugees

People who leave their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion

internally displaced person or IDP

Someone who remains within his or her country's borders despite being persecuted by said country

ethnic cleansing

The forced removal of one ethnic group by another ethnic group to create an ethnically consistent territory

repatriated

When a refugee or displaced person returns to their home country