Chapter 14: Respiratory System - Key Terms and Concepts

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A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering respiratory anatomy, physiology, gas exchange, transport, ventilation, regulation, and common terms from the lecture notes.

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52 Terms

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Define Respiration.

Exchange of gases between the body and its environment.

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Define Cellular Respiration.

Cells capture energy from nutrients.

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What are Nares?

Nasal openings (nostrils).

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What are Nasal Cavities?

Two cavities separated by the nasal septum; lined with mucus membrane; air is heated and moistened.

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Nasal Septum

Bone covered with a mucus membrane that separates the two nasal cavities.

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Nasal Conchae

Bony projections that extend into nasal cavities to increase surface area.

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Mucus Membrane

Membrane with a blood supply that heats/moistens air and traps particles.

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Ciliated Epithelium

Cilia move mucus and trapped particles toward the throat to be swallowed.

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Olfactory Receptors

Receptors in nasal cavities for the sense of smell.

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Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

Throat; regions through which air passes from nasal cavities to the larynx.

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Glottis

Opening to the larynx.

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Larynx

Voice box; supported by cartilage; houses the vocal cords.

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Vocal Cords

Muscular folds that vibrate to produce sound as air passes.

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Epiglottis

Flap of tissue that closes off the larynx during swallowing to prevent entry of food/blood.

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Cough Reflex

A reflex to expel material when the epiglottis mechanism fails.

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Trachea

Windpipe; anterior to the esophagus; reinforced by cartilage rings; lined with mucus and ciliated cells.

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Primary Bronchi

Left and right main bronchi; each enters a lung.

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Bronchi Tree

Network of branching air passageways within the lungs.

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Bronchioles

Smaller air passages leading to alveoli.

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Alveoli

Microscopic air sacs with thin walls; gas exchange occurs here; capillary beds surround them; coated with surfactant.

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Pulmonary Surfactant

Substance coating alveoli that prevents collapse by reducing surface tension.

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Lungs

Large thoracic organs; right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2; separated by the mediastinum.

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Mediastinum

The central part of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, esophagus, thymus.

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Hilus

Depression where vessels, nerves, and primary bronchi enter the lung.

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Pleural Membrane

Serous membranes surrounding the lungs; visceral pleura covers the lung, parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.

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Visceral Pleura

Layer covering the lung.

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Parietal Pleura

Layer lining the thoracic cavity.

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Pleural Cavity

Space between visceral and parietal pleura containing lubricating fluid.

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Thoracic Cavity Boundaries

Front and sides: chest wall with ribs; floor: diaphragm.

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Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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Inhalation (Inspiration)

Diaphragm contracts and flattens; external intercostal muscles raise ribs; chest cavity expands; air flows in.

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Exhalation (Expiration)

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax; elastic recoil of lungs; air flows out.

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Pneumothorax

Collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural space, disrupting pressure difference.

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Gas Exchange

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to capillaries; carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveoli.

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Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen in red blood cells; releases O2 to tissues.

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CO2 Transport in Blood (three forms)

10% dissolved in plasma; 30% bound to hemoglobin; 60% as bicarbonate (HCO3-) in plasma.

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Carbonic Anhydrase

Enzyme that speeds conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid in red blood cells.

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Carbonic Acid Dissociation

Carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-).

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Bicarbonate in Plasma

Formed from carbonic acid; diffuses into plasma and acts as a buffer.

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Chemoreceptors in Medulla

Sensitive to CO2 and pH; regulate breathing rate and depth.

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Chemoreceptors in Aorta/Carotid Bodies

Sense CO2 and pH changes; influence respiratory centers.

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Oxygen's Role in Regulation

O2 concentration normally does not regulate respiration; triggers only in life-threatening hypoxia.

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Effect of Alcohol/Drugs on Respiration

Opiates, benzodiazepines, and other depressants can slow or stop respiratory centers.

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Hyperventilation

Rapid breathing that reduces CO2, delaying the urge to breathe; can cause dizziness or fainting if prolonged.

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Bronchial Constriction

Narrowing of bronchioles due to pollutants or irritants; increases deposition of inhaled particles.

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Macrophages in Alveoli

Engulf foreign particles that reach alveoli; some particles may remain.

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Paranasal Sinuses

Small skull cavities that communicate with nasal cavities.

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Laryngitis

Respiratory infection or irritation (e.g., smoke) causing hoarseness.

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Serous Membrane

Membrane lining a body cavity that does not open to the outside world.

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Pleurisy

inflammation of pleural membrane; causes pain during breathing.

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Aortic Bodies

Chemoreceptors in the walls of the aorta.

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Carotid Bodies

Chemoreceptors in the walls of the carotid arteries.