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A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering respiratory anatomy, physiology, gas exchange, transport, ventilation, regulation, and common terms from the lecture notes.
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Define Respiration.
Exchange of gases between the body and its environment.
Define Cellular Respiration.
Cells capture energy from nutrients.
What are Nares?
Nasal openings (nostrils).
What are Nasal Cavities?
Two cavities separated by the nasal septum; lined with mucus membrane; air is heated and moistened.
Nasal Septum
Bone covered with a mucus membrane that separates the two nasal cavities.
Nasal Conchae
Bony projections that extend into nasal cavities to increase surface area.
Mucus Membrane
Membrane with a blood supply that heats/moistens air and traps particles.
Ciliated Epithelium
Cilia move mucus and trapped particles toward the throat to be swallowed.
Olfactory Receptors
Receptors in nasal cavities for the sense of smell.
Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
Throat; regions through which air passes from nasal cavities to the larynx.
Glottis
Opening to the larynx.
Larynx
Voice box; supported by cartilage; houses the vocal cords.
Vocal Cords
Muscular folds that vibrate to produce sound as air passes.
Epiglottis
Flap of tissue that closes off the larynx during swallowing to prevent entry of food/blood.
Cough Reflex
A reflex to expel material when the epiglottis mechanism fails.
Trachea
Windpipe; anterior to the esophagus; reinforced by cartilage rings; lined with mucus and ciliated cells.
Primary Bronchi
Left and right main bronchi; each enters a lung.
Bronchi Tree
Network of branching air passageways within the lungs.
Bronchioles
Smaller air passages leading to alveoli.
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs with thin walls; gas exchange occurs here; capillary beds surround them; coated with surfactant.
Pulmonary Surfactant
Substance coating alveoli that prevents collapse by reducing surface tension.
Lungs
Large thoracic organs; right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2; separated by the mediastinum.
Mediastinum
The central part of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, esophagus, thymus.
Hilus
Depression where vessels, nerves, and primary bronchi enter the lung.
Pleural Membrane
Serous membranes surrounding the lungs; visceral pleura covers the lung, parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
Visceral Pleura
Layer covering the lung.
Parietal Pleura
Layer lining the thoracic cavity.
Pleural Cavity
Space between visceral and parietal pleura containing lubricating fluid.
Thoracic Cavity Boundaries
Front and sides: chest wall with ribs; floor: diaphragm.
Ventilation
Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Inhalation (Inspiration)
Diaphragm contracts and flattens; external intercostal muscles raise ribs; chest cavity expands; air flows in.
Exhalation (Expiration)
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax; elastic recoil of lungs; air flows out.
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural space, disrupting pressure difference.
Gas Exchange
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to capillaries; carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveoli.
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen in red blood cells; releases O2 to tissues.
CO2 Transport in Blood (three forms)
10% dissolved in plasma; 30% bound to hemoglobin; 60% as bicarbonate (HCO3-) in plasma.
Carbonic Anhydrase
Enzyme that speeds conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid in red blood cells.
Carbonic Acid Dissociation
Carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-).
Bicarbonate in Plasma
Formed from carbonic acid; diffuses into plasma and acts as a buffer.
Chemoreceptors in Medulla
Sensitive to CO2 and pH; regulate breathing rate and depth.
Chemoreceptors in Aorta/Carotid Bodies
Sense CO2 and pH changes; influence respiratory centers.
Oxygen's Role in Regulation
O2 concentration normally does not regulate respiration; triggers only in life-threatening hypoxia.
Effect of Alcohol/Drugs on Respiration
Opiates, benzodiazepines, and other depressants can slow or stop respiratory centers.
Hyperventilation
Rapid breathing that reduces CO2, delaying the urge to breathe; can cause dizziness or fainting if prolonged.
Bronchial Constriction
Narrowing of bronchioles due to pollutants or irritants; increases deposition of inhaled particles.
Macrophages in Alveoli
Engulf foreign particles that reach alveoli; some particles may remain.
Paranasal Sinuses
Small skull cavities that communicate with nasal cavities.
Laryngitis
Respiratory infection or irritation (e.g., smoke) causing hoarseness.
Serous Membrane
Membrane lining a body cavity that does not open to the outside world.
Pleurisy
inflammation of pleural membrane; causes pain during breathing.
Aortic Bodies
Chemoreceptors in the walls of the aorta.
Carotid Bodies
Chemoreceptors in the walls of the carotid arteries.