ch. 8 - the urinary system

Urine is eliminated through the ______________.

urethra

Renal columns are ____________.

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex 

Which of the following is not associated with a juxtaglomerular nephron?

peritubular capillaries

All the following are true of micturition, except ________________________.

contraction of the detrusor muscle contracts under sympathetic activation

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by __________________.

cotransport with Na⁺ and K⁺

The glomerulus is ______________.

a capillary knot within Bowman’s capsule 

Bowman's capsule (capsular) hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to ________ the glomerulus.

enter

Most reabsorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and vitamins occurs in the _____________.

PCT

Most secretion of ions in maintaining blood pH occurs in the _____________. 

DCT

Colloidal osmotic pressures draw water away from hypertonic solutions.

False

Urinary tract infections tend to be more common in females in part because......

their urethras are shorter than those of males.

The _______ the tube used to release urine from the body.

urethra is

Functions of the urinary system include all, except __________.

produces aldosterone

The nephron efferent arteriole divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

The urinary bladder is lined by ___________ epithelium.

transitional

__________ nephrons create highly concentrated urine.

Juxtamedullary

Most reabsorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and vitamins occurs in the _____________.

PCT

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except ______________.

proteins

How does the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorb glucose from the ultrafiltrate?

It uses the energy of sodium's (Na⁺) concentration gradient to power the movement of glucose into the cells.

Which of these is NOT a modification seen in the renal corpuscle to encourage that process of glomerular filtration?

Bowman's capsule maintains very high levels of hydrostatic pressure at all times.

Plasma colloid (osmotic) pressure causes fluid to _______ Bowman's capsule.

leave

Normally, urine _____ contain glucose.

does NOT

These cells respond to ADH, Aldosterone, and Parathyroid hormone in the distal convoluted tubule.

Principal 

Which of the following is NOT something that normally leaves the glomerulus during the process of glomerular filtration?

Plasma proteins

Water reabsorption in the collecting duct is obligatory..

False

If the afferent arteriole underwent vasoconstriction, the pressure in the glomerulus would _________

This would lead to ______ in the glomerular filtration rate, and ultimately ________ in the volume of urine that is produced

decrease

a decrease, a decrease

Which of these nephron structures receives urine that is the most hypotonic (hypo-osmotic; less concentrated) compared to blood plasma?

The most superficial (last) portion of the ascending limb (of the loop of Henle)

Normally, urine______ contain blood

does NOT

Which of the following is only reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and no other parts of the nephron?

animo acids

The corticomedullary gradient functions in all the following ways, except _____________.

decreases from the cortex to the medulla

How does the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorb glucose from the ultrafiltrate?

It uses the energy of sodium's (Na⁺) concentration gradient to power the movement of glucose into the cells.

What contributes to the large volume of filtrate leaving the glomeruli?

All of the above

Urinary tract infections tend to be more common in females in part because......

their urethras are shorter than those of males.

When the level of ADH decreases, all the following occur, except ______________.

hypertension

Secretion

DCT

Renal corpuscle

filtration

Reabsorption

PCT

Females tend to have more UTIs because _______________________.

the urethra is short

Obligatory osmotic resorption occurs in the ______________________.

descending LOH

Plasma colloid (osmotic) pressure causes fluid to ______ the glomerulus.

enter

Normally, urine _____ contain glucose.

does NOT

Increasing Bowman's capsule (capsular) hydrostatic pressure would ______ the rate of glomerular filtration.

decrease

Each of the following is part of the kidney, except the ______________.

haustra

All the following hormones increase resistance and therefore GFR, except _______________.

Natriuretic peptide

Most glomeruli are in the _______ of the kidney.

cortex

Certain anemias, hepatitis, jaundice, and cirrhosis will have elevated levels of __________________in the urine.

urobilinogen

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all the following, except __________.

increase glomerular filtration 

Each of the following organs excretes wastes to some degree, except the _________ system.

endocrine

Which of the following is not associated with a juxtaglomerular nephron?

peritubular capillaries

When a person consumes a diuretic, all the following occur, except ______________________.

urine becomes more hypertonic

______________ cells monitor blood pH and secretes H⁺ ions when needed?

Intercalated

Tubular reabsorption involves all the following, except ________________.

reverse osmosis

The kidneys are retroperitoneal, and the renal arteries branch directly off the abdominal aorta.

Both parts of the statement are true.

The smooth muscle response to high blood pressure is known as _________________ regulation.

myogenic

Which mechanism of glomerular regulation is activated when blood volume (and blood pressure) is low?

Angiotensin II endocrine regulation

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce urine ______________________. 

urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions

How does renal failure impact glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

GFR drops to 10% (or less) of the normal rate

Water reabsorption in the collecting duct is facultative.

True

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by all the following, except _________________.

releasing nitric oxide

All the following hormones increase resistance and therefore GFR, except _______________.

Natriuretic peptide

Fluid in the deepest part of the loop of Henle (a.k.a. the beginning of the ascending limb) is ____ to blood plasma.

When this fluid leaves the loop of Henle (a.k.a. at the top of the ascending limb), it is____ to blood plasma.

hypertonic

hypotonic

All the following are extrinsic regulatory mechanisms, except ______________ regulation.

myogenic

______________ cells monitor blood pH and secretes H⁺ ions when needed?

Intercalated

Most substances are reabsorbed in the PCT by the __________________ rout.

transcellular

Plasma filtration takes place in the ________.

renal corpuscle

Each of the following is part of the kidney, except the ______________.

haustra

Which is not a correct statement about the proximal tubules of nephrons?

pH regulation is principally regulated in the PCT.

Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus make up the _________________.

renal corpuscle

Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?

Because the female urethra is closer to the anus than the male urethra

The outermost layer of the kidney is the __________________.

renal capsule

Colloidal osmotic pressures draw water away from hypertonic solutions.

False

The ____________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

renal papilla

Osmotic reabsorption of water is considered _______________ in the descending limb of the LOH and _______________ in the collecting duct. 

obligatory -- facultative