MESH-Unit 4.6 ,4.7, 5.1, 5.2

motivation, emotion, health psychology, positive psychology

Drive-reduction theory

biologically influenced theory

drive= an aroused/ tense state because a physiological need is not met

animals have biological needs which they are driven to satisfy to maintain homeostasis

need→drive→drive→reducing behavior

Homeostasis

balance

Arousal theory (optimal arousal)

focuses on finding the right (optimum) level of stimulation

yerkes-dodson law

human motivation

Yerkes-Dodson Law

moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

performance improves with arousal up to a point. Decreases if arousal is too high

Self-determination theory

peope are born with the tendency to grow

they have 3 basic needs; autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Intrinsic motivation

engaging in an activity because it is inherently enjoyable or satisfying, rather than for external rewards or pressures. 

Extrinsic motivation

engaging in an activity or behavior primarily to gain external rewards or avoid punishments, rather than for the inherent enjoyment or satisfaction of the activity itself. 

Incentive theory

people are motivated by rewards and the avoidance of punishment (extrinsic motivation)

an employee may do their job promptly to get a salary, promotion, or incentive

students my study hard to get good grades

external goal (environment) motivates behavior

incentives can pull you to behave a certain way

Instincts/Instinct Theory

humans and other animals are born with innate behaviors that help them survive

motivation is the result of genetic programming. We have biologically determined patterns of behavior to enhance survival

criticized for oversimplifying human behavior

Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory

individuals are motivated positively toward a condition (approach), or negatively, away from that condition (avoidance); these conflicts are organized into three types; approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach- avoidance

Approach-approach theory

win-win; choosing between 2 good options

Approach-avoidance theory

win-lose; should I accept this job offer… it is more money but a longer commute ( choosing between 2 options that are good, but one can have a more negative side to it)

Avoidance-avoidance

lose-lose; choosing between having surgery or living in pain (2 bad options or things you are trying to avoid)

Sensation seeking theory

personality trait defined by the search for experiences an feelings that are “varied, novel, rich, and intense”

4 components; experience, boredom, disinhibitation, thrill/ adventure, and susceptibility

Hunger  motivation

the biological and psychological drives that prompt an individual to seek food, driven by factors like low blood sugar (glucose) and signals from the hypothalamus and other parts of the body. 

Ghrelin

hunger on; stomach, increases hunger

Leptin

hunger off; fat cells, decreases hunger

Hypothalamus (Lateral, Ventromedial)

the LH brings on hunger (makes you hungry) hungry center

the VMH depresses (slows hunger stimulation) tells you to stop eating. satiety center

Pituitary Gland

"master gland," plays a crucial role in motivation by influencing hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions, ultimately impacting behaviors related to needs and drives

Emotion/affect

E; complex psychological states that are often consciously and acutely let, but which then fade away quickly

A; basic, often unconscious feeling states, often unconscious but felt for a long time, like pleasure, melancholy, and anxiety

Facial-feedback hypothesis

facial expressions affect the emotions we experience; expressions amplify and regulate our emotions; simile→ feel happiness, frown→ feel sadness

Physiological experience v. cognitive appraisal/label

PE; physiological arousal that accompanies a certain emotion- the autonomic nervous system reacts- we feel emotions with our body

CA/CE: an assessment of an emotional situation wherein a person evaluates how the event will affect them, interprets the various aspects of the event, and arrives at a response based on that interpretation.

CL; the interpretation and understanding of a physiological arousal or emotional experience based on the context and environment. It's the mental process of assigning a label to a feeling, like "anxious" or "excited," based on the situation. 

Broaden-and-build theory of emotion

positive emotions broaden our awareness, which helps us build new and meaningful skills, resilience and improves our well-being

Emotions as universal

Anger, Disgust, Sadness, Happiness, Surprise,

Fear; emotions are adaptive; charels Darwin speculate that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions

Matsumoto and exman, 1989

Display rules

western nations; more expressice, individualistic culture

eastern nations; less expressive, collectivist culture

Elicitors for emotional expression

stimuli or situations that trigger or bring about an emotional response, leading to its outward manifestation through behaviors like facial expressions, vocal cues, or actions. 

Health psychology, 

explores the impact of psychological, behavioral, and culture factors on health, and wellness, enhancing health and healthcare

Wellness

a holistic state of well-being encompassing physical, mental, and emotional health

Stress

is a process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

Hypertension, headaches, immune suppression

physiological consequences often associated with chronic stress, which can impact motivation. 

Eustress

a form of stress having a beneficial effect on health, motivation, performance, and well-being

Distress

the type of stress we are referring to when we say stress. it I the form of stress with negative implications

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

traumatic events that trigger long-lasting stress responses, are negative on health and well-being

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 

Hans selye, describes psychological changes your body goes through when stresses; the stresses individual goes through 3 phases; alarm,  resistance, exhaustion (is always in this specific order)

Fight-flight-freeze response

also known as the acute stress response, is an involuntary physiological reaction to a perceived threat, preparing the body to either confront the danger (fight), escape it (flight), or become immobile (freeze). 

Tend and Befriend theory 

says that humans, particularly female, often respond to stress by tending to young ones and by seeking connection or befriending one another

Problem-focused coping

problem solving

decision making

seeking information

goal setting

Emotion-focused coping

venting/ talking to others

reframing the situation

journaling

exercising

mediation

Positive Psychology

founded by martain seligman

focuses on human strengths versus weaknesses- discovers how to enhance well-being and make life most worth living

Well-being/Subjective well-being

SWB; an individual's personal evaluation of their own happiness and life satisfaction, encompassing both emotional experiences (affective well-being) and cognitive judgments (cognitive well-being)

WB: an individual's overall state of positive functioning, encompassing both subjective experiences (like happiness and satisfaction) and objective aspects like healthy relationships and a sense of purpose. 

Resilience

ability to withstand and recover from adversity (bad things)

Positive Emotions/Psychological Health

positive emotions, like joy, gratitude, and hope, are considered crucial for psychological health, contributing to overall well-being, resilience, and social connections. 

Gratitude

is a positive emotion characterized by a feeling of appreciation and thankfulness, often stemming from receiving something beneficial or experiencing a positive event

Positive subjective experience 

the individual's personal and internal feelings of happiness, satisfaction, and fulfillment, encompassing emotions like joy, gratitude, and flow. 

Positive objective experience

the scientific study of human flourishing and optimal functioning, focusing on positive emotions, strengths, virtues, and positive institutions. 

Wisdom

love of learning, perspective, judgement, creativity, curiosity

Courage

zest, bravery, honesty, perseverance

Humanity

love, kidness, social intelligence

Justice

teamwork, leadership, fairness

Temperance

humility, prudence, forgiveness, self- regulation

Transcendence

appreciation of beauty and excellence, spirituality, gratitude, humor, hope

Posttraumatic Growth 

navigating trauma or adversity leads to positive psychological changes