Introduction to History

Vocabulary terms and definitions covering the fundamental concepts of history, sources, and historical criticism as presented in the lecture notes.

Historie / Historia

The Greek origin of the word history, which means 'learning, inquiry and or investigation'.

History

A branch of the Social Sciences that deals with the systematic study of the significant past and records events concerning people and human nature.

Historiography

The study of history itself, which analyzes the writer, their motives, sources, theories, and the context in which the history was written.

Historian

The element of history referring to the specific person who is writing the history.

Period

An element of history that refers to the context of the time when the history was written.

Sources (Batis/Sanggunian)

The basis of claims or analysis used by a historian, including documents, written accounts, or oral accounts that serve as evidence.

Anthropology

The study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture.

Archaeology

The scientific study of material remains of past human life and activities.

Primary Source

Direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, or person, often created by eyewitnesses or people who experienced the phenomenon.

Secondary Source

Interpretations of history that describe, analyze, and process primary sources, created by people who were not part of the event.

Tertiary Source

Information that has been compiled from both primary and secondary sources.

Archival Material

Primary sources including manuscripts, business correspondence, diaries, legal documents, and oral histories often found in archives.

Serials

Publications issued on an ongoing basis, such as journals, magazines, and newspapers.

Review Articles

Articles found in serials that summarize research on a topic without presenting new findings; they are considered secondary sources.

Historical Criticism

The duty of a historian to check the authenticity and meaning of sources used as a basis for writing history.

External Criticism

The physical examination of sources to establish authenticity by analyzing authorship, date and place of publication, textual errors, and word meanings.

Internal Criticism

The analysis of the content of a document to understand both the literal and real meanings of the words used.

Intentional and Unintentional

The two types of textual errors a historian must look for during external criticism.

Sa Aking mga Kabata

A poem traditionally attributed to Jose Rizal that was debunked by historians like Ambeth Ocampo and Virgilio S. Almario due to lack of manuscript and linguistic anachronisms.

Kalayaan

A word used in the poem 'Sa Aking mga Kabata' that Rizal reportedly did not encounter or learn until he was 25 years old in 1872.

William Henry Scott

The historian who examined pre-Hispanic history and raised issues regarding the lack of historical evidence for the Code of Kalantiaw.

Code of Kalantiaw

A purported historical document debunked due to a lack of recorded Filipino legends, inconsistent manuscripts, and absence of external country mentions.