PAC559 Antibiotic Exam, AI

What is the drug class of Penicillin?

Beta-lactam antibiotic and cell wall inhibitor

What is the mechanism of action of Penicillin?

It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), interfering with transpeptidation and inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis

What are the indications for Penicillin?

Infections caused by streptococci, meningococci, enterococci, sensitive pneumococci, and Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

What are the contraindications for Penicillin?

Known anaphylactic reaction to previous penicillin use

What are the side effects of Penicillin?

Convulsions (high doses or renal impairment), fungal or bacterial superinfection with prolonged/high dose

What are key drug-drug interactions with Penicillin?

Warfarin (increased effect), tetracyclines (decrease penicillin effect)

What should be monitored during Penicillin therapy?

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) for prolonged or high-dose regimens

What is the drug class of Dicloxacillin?

Oral anti-staphylococcal penicillin resistant to staph produced beta-lactamase

What is the mechanism of action of Dicloxacillin?

Binds to PBPs, inhibiting bacterial cell wall transpeptidation

What are the indications for Dicloxacillin?

Soft tissue infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci + MRSAca

What are the contraindications for Dicloxacillin?

Hypersensitivity to penicillin

What are the side effects of Dicloxacillin?

Prolonged PT, risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhea

What are key drug-drug interactions with Dicloxacillin?

Increases the effects of warfarin and methotrexate

What should be monitored during Dicloxacillin use?

PT/INR if co-administered with warfarin

What is the drug class of Amoxicillin?

Extended spectrum (gram-negative) penicillin, oral

What is the mechanism of action of Amoxicillin?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall transpeptidation by binding to PBPs in growing bacterial cells

What are the indications for Amoxicillin?

Sinusitis, otitis media, UTIs, and occasionally LRTIs

What are the contraindications for Amoxicillin?

Hypersensitivity

What are the side effects of Amoxicillin?

Rash with viral illness, superinfection, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

What are key drug-drug interactions with Amoxicillin?

Warfarin (increased PT/INR), allopurinol (increased rash risk)

What should be monitored during Amoxicillin therapy?

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) with prolonged use

What is the drug class of Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid (Augmentin)?

Extended spectrum penicillin, oral, with beta-lactamase inhibitor

What is the mechanism of action of Augmentin?

Amoxicillin binds PBPs, clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamases

What are the indications for Augmentin?

Infections by beta-lactamase producing organisms like S. aureus (not MRSA) and some gram negatives like H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and N. Gonorrhea

What are the contraindications for Augmentin?

Hypersensitivity; history of cholestatic jaundice with prior use

What are the side effects of Augmentin?

Diarrhea, vaginal mycosis

What are key drug-drug interactions with Augmentin?

Warfarin, allopurinol

What should be monitored during Augmentin use?

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) for extended or high-dose use

What is the drug class of Piperacillin/Tazobactam (Zosyn)?

Extended spectrum penicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor, IV

What is the mechanism of action of Zosyn?

Piperacillin binds PBPs; tazobactam inhibits beta-lactamases

What are the indications for Zosyn?

Infections including Pseudomonas A.: diabetic foot, intra-abdominal, pneumonia, UTI, soft-tissues

Can also be used off label for bite wounds, malignant otitis external, gram negative bacteremia, cystic fibrosis coverage, and neutropenic fevers

What are the contraindications for Zosyn?

Hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins, or beta-lactamases

What are the side effects of Zosyn?

C. difficile, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow suppression, encephalopathy, hypersensitivity (delayed reactions)

What are key drug-drug interactions with Zosyn?

Multiple—see Lexicomp

What should be monitored during Zosyn therapy?

Creatinine, BUN, CBC with differential, PT/PTT, LFTs, electrolytes, urinalysis, bleeding, CNS impact, skin rash, and anaphylaxis

What is the drug class of Cephalexin (Keflex)?

First-generation oral cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor

What is the mechanism of action of Cephalexin?

Binds to PBPs and inhibits transpeptidation of the bacterial cell wall

What are the indications for Cephalexin?

Infections caused by susceptible pneumococci, staphylococci, and streptococci

What are the contraindications for Cephalexin?

Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins; penicillin anaphylaxis

What are the side effects of Cephalexin?

Agitation, elevated AST/ALT, seizures in overdose, superinfection, C. difficile colitis

What are key drug-drug interactions with Cephalexin?

Aminoglycosides (increased nephrotoxicity)

What should be monitored during Cephalexin therapy?

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) for extended use

What is the drug class of Cefazolin (Ancef)?

First-generation IV/IM cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor

What is the mechanism of action of Cefazolin?

Binds PBPs and inhibits bacterial cell wall transpeptidation

What are the indications for Cefazolin?

Susceptible pneumococci, staphylococci, and streptococci infections; surgical prophylaxis

What are the contraindications for Cefazolin?

Hypersensitivity to penicillin

What are the side effects of Cefazolin?

Agitation, elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), seizures in overdose, C. difficile colitis, superinfection

What are key drug-drug interactions with Cefazolin?

Aminoglycosides (increased nephrotoxicity); increased levels of fosphenytoin, phenytoin, and vitamin K antagonists

What should be monitored during Cefazolin use?

CBC, LFTs, CrCl for extended use

What is the drug class of Cefuroxime (Ceftin)?

Second-generation cephalosporin, oral/IV/IM, cell wall inhibitor

What is the mechanism of action of Cefuroxime?

Binds to PBPs and inhibits cell wall transpeptidation in bacteria

What are the indications for Cefuroxime?

G+, anaerobes, some G-; Beta-lactamase producers like H. influenzae and M. Catarrhalis; and AOM, sinusitis, and CAP

What are the contraindications for Cefuroxime?

Hypersensitivity/anaphylaxis to cephalosporins or penicillin

What are the side effects of Cefuroxime?

Overdose-related neuromuscular hypersensitivity and seizures

What are key drug-drug interactions with Cefuroxime?

Warfarin (↑ PT/INR), aminoglycosides (↑ nephrotoxicity)

What should be monitored during Cefuroxime therapy?

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) with prolonged use

What is the drug class of Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)?

Third-generation IV/IM cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor

What is the mechanism of action of Ceftriaxone?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding PBPs.

What are the indications for Ceftriaxone?

G+ and extended G- coverage; meningitis, LRTI, AOM, sinusitis.

What are the contraindications for Ceftriaxone?

Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or penicillin.

What are the side effects of Ceftriaxone?

Diarrhea, eosinophilia, superinfection, seizures in overdose.

What are key drug-drug interactions with Ceftriaxone?

Warfarin (↑ PT/INR); may precipitate with calcium solutions.

What should be monitored during Ceftriaxone use?

PT/INR if on warfarin.

What is the drug class of Cefixime (Suprax)?

Third-generation oral cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor.

What is the mechanism of action of Cefixime?

Binds to PBPs, inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria.

What are the indications for Cefixime?

AOM, sinusitis, LRTI, UTIs; G+ and extended G- coverage.

What are the contraindications for Cefixime?

Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or penicillin.

What are the side effects of Cefixime?

C. difficile colitis, seizures in overdose.

What are key drug-drug interactions with Cefixime?

Aminoglycosides, warfarin, carbamazepine (↑ levels).

What should be monitored during Cefixime therapy?

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) for prolonged use.

What is the drug class of Ceftazidime (Fortaz)?

Third-generation IV cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor.

What is the mechanism of action of Ceftazidime?

Binds to PBPs, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

What are the indications for Ceftazidime?

Septicemia, skin infections, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, CNS infections.

What are the contraindications for Ceftazidime?

Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or penicillins.

What are the side effects of Ceftazidime?

↑ AST/ALT, thrombocythemia, seizures, SJS, ↑ INR, hemolytic anemia.

What are key drug-drug interactions with Ceftazidime?

Multiple—refer to UTD drug interaction tools.

What should be monitored during Ceftazidime therapy?

Renal function (CrCl).

What is the drug class of Cefdinir (Omnicef)?

Third-generation oral cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor.

What is the mechanism of action of Cefdinir?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall transpeptidation by binding to PBPs.

What are the indications for Cefdinir?

CAP, AOM, sinusitis, pharyngitis; off-label: cystitis.

What are the contraindications for Cefdinir?

Hypersensitivity.

What are the side effects of Cefdinir?

CDAD, eosinophilia, thrombocythemia, lymphocyte/WBC count changes.

What are key drug-drug interactions with Cefdinir?

Refer to Lexicomp for specifics.

What should be monitored during Cefdinir use?

Renal function and infection signs/symptoms.

What is the drug class of Cefpodoxime (Vantin)?

Third-generation oral cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor.

What is the mechanism of action of Cefpodoxime?

Binds to PBPs, disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

What are the indications for Cefpodoxime?

AOM, bronchitis, CAP, sinusitis, pharyngitis, cystitis.

What are the contraindications for Cefpodoxime?

Hypersensitivity.

What are the side effects of Cefpodoxime?

C. difficile-associated diarrhea with prolonged use.

What are key drug-drug interactions with Cefpodoxime?

Refer to Lexicomp.

What should be monitored during Cefpodoxime use?

Renal function and signs of infection.

What is the drug class of Cefepime (Maxipime)?

Fourth-generation IV/IM cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor.

What is the mechanism of action of Cefepime?

Binds PBPs and inhibits transpeptidation of bacterial cell walls.

What are the indications for Cefepime?

Brain abscess, complicated UTIs, febrile neutropenia, severe pneumonia.

What are the contraindications for Cefepime?

Anaphylaxis to penicillins; caution in renal impairment.

What are the side effects of Cefepime?

C. difficile colitis, seizures in overdose.

What are key drug-drug interactions with Cefepime?

Increased levels with probenecid.

What should be monitored during Cefepime use?

C&S specimens, CrCl with prolonged use.

What is the drug class of Ceftaroline (Teflaro)?

Fifth-generation IV cephalosporin, cell wall inhibitor.

What is the mechanism of action of Ceftaroline?

Binds PBPs, inhibiting bacterial cell wall transpeptidation.