GEC 005 - Purposive Communication (Midterms)

Module 7,8,9,10,11

Importance of Why Questions

Provides explanations for phenomena

Explanation Essay

It is one such example of written piece of work that addresses why question which explains a particular topic to its readers. It is meant to inform or educate the readers

Blog

A personal journal or diary entry that is posted online, with the aim to entertain, to instruct, to inform, or to persuade

Research-based Argumentative Essay

End product of a research process that must undertake

Pre-writing tasks

• Formulating the Research Question

• Finding the Answers to Research Questions

• Doing Research

  • Preparing to write the Paper

Formulating the Research Question

The essay that we write in which it is expected to present a clear stand on an issue that has at least two different sides

Finding the Answers to the Research Questions

Requires the preparation of an annotated research bibliography which is a list of sources with a brief description of each source

Not Considered as Sources

• Holy Book or inspirational writing

• Work of literature

• The dictionary

• Personal blogs or journal, diary entries

  • Wikipedia

Doing Research

Done after your teacher has approved the researchc question

Research Notes

• Paraphrases

• Summaries

• Direct Quotations

Paraphrasing

Done when you use your own words in taking down notes with a cited source

Preparing to write the Paper

The Thesis Statement

Thesis Statement

Main point or central argument of your paper which expresses your stand on the issue you chose to do research on

Good Thesis Statement

Presents a strong position that is supported by convincing evidence which suggests a framework for organizing the essay

The Outline

When all the necessary preparations are complete, this step is taken. This gives the paper a general shape and a written plan for the essay

Structure of an Outline

• Thesis statement

• Argument and specific support for this argument

• Opposing argument and specific support for this argument

• List of sources for all the support that will be used in the paper

The Essay

In writing the paper, observe the citation conventions and practice Intellectual Honesty

Debate

Carried out formally and usually takes place in a public meeting. The exchange of arguments follows a certain procedure or a set of rules and has a definite format

Types of Debate

Formal and Informal Debates

Formal Debates

Held in formal settings in which the speakers come prepared. A topic is debated and the debaters listen to the arguments raised by the other debaters from which they build their arguments and their position

Informal Debates

Does not follow a strict structure, in which there are also two sides which are the affirmative and negative that take place anywhere and do not have to involve two teams

Skills Needed in Debate

• Language macro-skills to be an effective debater

• Productive and receptive skills

• Critical Thinking skills

Sir Francis Bacon

“Reading maketh a full man, writing an exact man”

Reading

When done extensively, you can look at things differently and your knowledge of things is not confined to a single perspective

Speaking

The knowledge you have gained from reading can manifest in your wide vocabulary and in a distinct use of a speaking style that can change persuade your listeners and sway and win them over to your side

Writing

It is in this skill that the “making of a full man” is achieved. Goes together with reading skills

Listening

This skill goes together with speaking

Jimmy Hendrix

“Knowledge speaks but wisdom listens”

Ethical Considerations

A set of constructs that guide our decision-making by providing standards of behavior telling us how we ought to act

Dress and Appearance

Mindful of how you look in formal debates; important as paralinguistic cues and nonverbal behavior

Female Outfit for Debate

• Business attire

• Do not wear colors that are ostentatiously attractive

• Heels that are manageable like 1 ½ to 2 inches

• Make-up and jewelry conservatively

Male Outfit for Debate

• Business attire but avoid loud colors like coat and tie

• Match your inner clothes with your outer clothes

• Do not wear large ornaments

• Your nails should be cut, hair well-combed and shoes neatly polished

Research: Business Proposal

• It is to attract clients or secure support from possible investors or organizations

• Proposals have the same template and have several competing companies

• A well-written proposal is important so that you will have an advantage over the others

• Your goal is to be approved by the prospective client so do your best to attain the objective

Three Major Parts of Business Proposal

1. The Problem Statement

2. The Proposed Solution

3. Costing/Pricing

Business Proposal: Problem Statement

This is what your prospective client is experiencing

Business Proposal: The Proposed Solution

This should explain how you will resolve the client’s concern/s

Business Proposal: Costing/Pricing

This part should state the price of the services you will render if given the chance

Project Proposal

Documents designed to present a plan of action, outline the reasons why the action is necessary, and convince the reader to agree with and approve the implementation of the actions recommended in the body of the document

Importance of Business Proposals

• Written in order to offer solutions to problems faced by prospective

• Enable businesses to sell their products or services

• Help businesses to compete without even needing to send marketers

• Help buyers get the exact products or services that they want

How to Render an Effective Speech and be a good public speaker

Consider the following:

• Audiences

• Logistics

• Content of report/speech/lecture

Audience

Be aware of your listener’s profile. Know how to deal with any unpleasant incident or conflict

Logistics

Know who is organizing the event. That way, you will be able to tie up the earlier presentation with your own, resulting in a more coherent presentation. Consider the venue and facilities

Content of report/speech/lecture

If the event aims to inform, like in a convention, conference, or a training-seminar, you are expected to contribute new information. Note that there is always a more dominant one

Different techniques to open and close your presentation

• Using a startling or shocking statement

• Beginning with a question

• Using a quotation

• Narrating an anecdote or story

• Singing a line from a song

• Presenting statistics

For introduction use gambits such as

• I would like to talk about…

• I believe that the topic is..

• Let me relate a..

Delivering the Report/Speech Talk

Make use of both verbal and non-verbal code

Paralinguistic Cues

Facial expression, posture, gesture and movement

Facial expression

There is a saying that the “eyes are the window to the soul” which means establishing eye contact or through gazing, one can detect the emotional state of a person

Posture

Refers to the speakers’ stance

Gesture

These are used to make a point more emphatic

Movement

This is made by the entire body.

Prosodic Features

Features that appear when we put sounds together in connected speech

Presenting in Groups

Guidelines should be strictly followed; planning is of the essence so that your presentation is coherent and does not become fragmented

Major Sections of a Research Journal

• Title/Cover Page

• Abstract

• Introduction and Statement of the Problem

• Limitations of Study

• Methodology

• Literature Review

• Main Body of Paper/Argument

• Conclusion

• Appendices

Independent Research Course

Should be designed as original research and practice in presenting the results of an investigation. The goal is to answer a question, not simply to gather information