Chapter 1-3 115 Foundations

Ada Lovelace

Recognized as the first computer programmer; credited with inventing the loop concept in programming.

Charles Babbage

Designed the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer design.

Blaise Pascal

Built an early mechanical calculator that performed addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Joseph Jacquard

Created Jacquard's Loom, which used punched cards to control patterns.

Alan Turing

Developed the theoretical concept of the Turing machine and created foundational tests for artificial intelligence

What primary hardware component was used in first-generation computers (1951-1959), and what were its drawbacks?

Vacuum tubes. They were large, not very reliable, and generated a lot of heat.

What replaced vacuum tubes in second-generation hardware (1959-1965), and why was it better?

Transistors. They were fast, small, durable, and cheap.

What component replaced circuit boards in third-generation hardware (1965-1971)?

Integrated circuits.

. What key technology advancement defined fourth-generation hardware (1971-present)?

Large-scale integration (chip technology), which enabled personal computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

How were programs written in first-generation software, and into what two groups did programmers divide?

Programs were written in machine language (1s and 0s) and assembly languages (using mnemonics). Programmers divided into application programmers and systems programmers.

What three high-level English-like programming languages were introduced in the second generation?

Fortran, COBOL, and Lisp.

What critical piece of systems software was introduced in third-generation software?

The operating system (which decides which programs run and when).

What software design paradigm and language example dominated fifth-generation software?

Object-Oriented Design (e.g., Java).

What was the earliest device used to record numeric values?

The abacus.

What role did early computers like Harvard Mark I, ENIAC, and UNIVAC play?

They launched a new era in mathematics, physics, engineering, and economics.

What are the four necessary skills listed for computing as a discipline?

Algorithmic thinking, representation, programming, and design.

17. What is the difference between hardware and software?

Hardware consists of the physical elements of a computing system (such as circuit boards, wires, keyboards, and printers). Software consists of programs that provide instructions for a computer to execute.

18. What is the difference between analog data and digital data?

Analog data is a continuous representation that communicates information by infinitely varying data. Digital data is a discrete representation that breaks information down into separate elements.

. What digits (symbols) exist in bases 2, 3, and 4, and why does base 1 not function as a positional system?

o Base 1: Position systems require digits from up to . Base 1 has only (or a single mark) and cannot form positional values.

o Base 2:

o Base 3:

o Base 4:

What base number and set of digits correspond to Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal systems?

· Binary: Base 2 ()

· Octal: Base 8 ()

· Decimal: Base 10 ()

· Hexadecimal: Base 16 ()

Digitize

breaking analog signal

analog

continual fluctuation in voltage

digital

has only high voltage line m no fluctuation

both analog and signal can do what

break overtime

electronic signals tend to do what

degrade down the line

what does phone line work through

waves

how do you represent values in hexadecimal

you use letters

A=10

B=11

C=12

D=13

E=14

F=15

what is the binary chart

0-0

1-1

2-10

3-11

4-100

5-101

6-110

Octal Number System

000-0

001-1

010-2

011-3

100-4

101-5

110-6

0111-7

1000-8

1001-9