Gram Positive bacilli: Chapter 19

Bacillus

Gram?

Endospore or spore

____ microorganisms that obtains nutrients from dead

what is it positive for?

shape? motile yes or no?

Degrades complex ______

sources of ____

habitat in ____

_____spores (middle of the bacterial cells)

• Gram pos

• endospore-forming

• motile rods

• mostly saprodic

• Aerobic and catalase positive 

• Degrades complex macromolecules

• Source of antibiotics 

• Habitat in soil  

• central spores (middle of the bacterial cells)

Clostridium

Gram? shape?

Endospore or spore

120 species are __ or __ spores

make __ acids, __, ___

causes __ + __ infections + food __

_____ endospores (spore Is at the end of the rod)

• Gram-positive endospore-forming rods 

• Anaerobic and catalase negative 

• 120 species are oval OR spherical spores 

• Make organic acids, alcohols, exotoxins

• Causes wound + tissue infections + food intoxication 

• distilled endospores (spore Is at the end of the rod)

Bacillus Anthracis

• Large ___-shaped ____ rods that have a ____ spore 

• ___anerobic

• Virluence factors are a ____ capsule and___ (toxic protein secreted into the environment, causing damage to host ___and ____ system results in ___ and cell ___

• Reported in ____

  1. ___ : are spores that enter through the ___, leading to an ___ (a black sore/scab > the ___dangerous 

  2. ___: ____ of spores from animal products or soil > ____ dangerous

  3. ____: ____ spores > rare + lethal 

• Large block-shaped nonmotile rods that have a central spore 

• facultative anaerobie

• Virluence factors are a polypeptide capsule and exotoxins (toxic protein secreted into the environment, causing damage to host tissue + immune system = edema + cell death)

• Reported in livestock

  1. Cutaneous are spores that enter through the skin, leading to an eschar (a black sore/scab > the least dangerous 

  2. Pulmonary: inhalation of spores from animal products or soil > most dangerous

  3. Gastrointestinal: ingested spores > rare + lethal 

Bacillus cereus

• ___-shaped, ____, ____spore 

• ____ + ____borne > disinfection + antisepsis are ineffective 

• Grows on goods, spores ____ in cooking and reheating 

• Ingestion of ____ > causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea 

• ____treatment +  _____ (more severe cases will occur)

• Rod-shaped> motile > central spore 

• Airborne + dust borne > disinfection + antisepsis are in effective 

• Grows on goods, spores survive in cooking and reheating 

• Ingestion of toxins > causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal ramps, diarrhea 

• No treatment + immunosuppressed (more severe cases will occur)

Mycobacterium leprae

• Aka ____’s Bacillus / ___’s Disease > causes ___ > a chronic disease in the ___ and ___ membrane > progresses to nerves

• ___ parasite

• ____ growing 

• multiplies within ___ cells in large packets called ___

• Diagnosing: based on the list of symptoms (____, loss of ___, ___ sensitivity, ___ weakness, thickened ___, chronic stuffy___), microscopic examination of ____, ___-___ staining of skin lesions, nasal ____, and tissue ___

• Treatment: ____-term ___therapy > surveillance> no definite vaccine 

• Aka Hansen’s Bacillus / Hansen’s Disease > causes Leprosy > a chronic disease in the skin and mucous membrane > progresses to nerves

• Strict parasite

• Slowest growing 

• Multiples within host cells in large packets called globi

• Diagnosing: based of the list of symptoms (numbnesss, loss of heat, cold sensitivity, muscle weakness, thickened earlobes, chronic stuffy nose), microscopic examination of lesions, acid-fast staining of skin lesions, nasal discharge, and tissue samples

• Treatment: long-term combined therapy > surveillance> no vaccine  

Mycobacteriera: Gram-____ irregular bacilli 

1. ____-____ staining> bacteria with ___ acid 

2. Strick ____ 

3. Produce ____ 

4. Do not form ____, ____, or spores 

5. Grow ____

1. Gram pos irregular baccili 

2. Acid fast staiinign > bacteria with mycolic acid 

3. Strick aerobes 

4. Produce catalyst 

5. Do not form capsules, flagella, or spores 

6. Grow slowly

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 

1. Causes Tuberculosis > ____droplets > affecting the ___ > coughing with ____

2. Detects: _____ test, In ____ TB test, ____ X-Rays, ___-____staining, ____ isolation, and ____ testing

3. Treatment: 

• Initial phase > Four drugs > Isonazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 8 weeks 

• Continuation phase > daily dose of isoniazid and Rifampin, and pyrazinamide in one ____regimen (____) for ___weeks > 

1. Causes Tuberculosis > airbone droplets > affecting the lungs > coughing with blood 

2. Detects:  Mantoux test, In vitro TB test, Chest X-Rays, Acid fast staining, Cultural isolation, and biochemical testing

3. Treatment: 

• Initial phase > Four drugs > Isonazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 8 weeks 

• Continuation phase > daily dose of isoniazid and Rifampin and pyrazinamide in one pill regimen (Rifacter) for 18 weeks > 

M. marinum (non-tuberculous mycobacterium) 

1. Causes ____ swimming pool / fish tanks aka ____ tank _____ 

2. Detection by ____, ____-____ staining

1. Causes lesions from scraping on the swimming pool concrete aka Fish Tank Granuloma 

2. Detection by culture, acid-fast staining

Be familiar with how the Mantoux test works, what does it test for?

• It test for ________ _______

• A _____ injection of ____ protein ____ (___) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis > look for ____ + _____ mark  to form in 48-72 hours > determine based on ____

• It tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

• A shallow injection of purified protein derivative (tuberculin) > look for red swollen mark  to form in 48-72 hours > determine based on size 

Tuberculoid (paucibacillary) leprosy

___ Bacilli in lesions

____skin lesions in many areas

Loss of____sensation in lesions

no skin ___ (raised bumps)

___ mutilation (serious damage) of extremities

reactive to___

___ ___ not infiltrated by bacilli

well-___ cell-mediated (___ ) response

Few Bacilli in lesions

shallow skin lesions in many areas

loss of pain sensation in lesions

no skin nodules

occasional mutilation of extremities

reactive to lepromin

lymph nodes not infiltrated by bacilli

well-developed cell-mediated (T cell) response

Lepromatous (multibacillary) leprosy

___bacilli in lesions

numerous ___ lesions concentrated in ___ areas of body

___loss more generalized; occurs___ in disease

gross (elevated) ___

Mutilation of ___ is ___ (impairment of bodily function)

___reactive to ___

___nodes massively___ by bacilli

___ developed t-cell response

many bacilli in lesions

numerous deeper lesions concentrated in cooler areas of body

sensory loss more generalized; occurs late in disease

gross skin nodules

mutilation of extremities common

not reactive to lepromin

lymph nodes massively infiltrated by bacilli

poorly developed t-cell response

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria infections 

• Disseminated _____ infection in ___ > causes mycobacterium ___ ___ bacilli

• Lung disease > caused by Mycobacterium ___ causes___ infections in adult white males with emphysema or bronchitis

• M.marinium

• M. scrofulaceum > infects ___ lymph nodes in children living in Great Lakes region, Canada, and japan

• M.paratuberculosis - raw ____’s milk; recovered from 65% of individuals diagnosed with ___’s disease

• Disseminated mycobacterial infection in aids > causes mycobacterium avium complex bacilli

• Nontuberculous Lung disease > caused by Mycobacterium kansasii causes pulmonary infections in adult white males with emphysema or bronchitis

  Miscellaous Mycobacterial infections

• M.marinum > fish handler disease / aka Fish tank granuloma

• M. scrofulaceum > infects cervical lymph nodes in children living in Great Lakes region, Canada, and japan

• M. paratuberculosis - raw cow’s milk; recovered from 65% of individuals diagnosed with Crohn’s disease