Week 1 Part 1 - Loop Systems and Heart Layers

The cardiovascular system is mainly a closed or open loop?

closed

Why is the closed system important?

creates pressure gradients to help drive fluid all around the body's circulatory system

Why is the lymphatic system an open loop?

to drain extra lymph fluid that leaks out of the blood as it runs through the capillaries to be cleaned and filtered, then sent back into the blood

Of the open or closed loops, which one has a higher pressure?

closed

What is the pressure of the closed loop?

120mmHg / 80mmHg

If the cardiovascular system sustains a puncture wound, an aortic or ventricular blow out, laceration, etc., it becomes an open loop system leading to what?

circulatory shock

When the body is in circulatory shock, what is the most affected organ?

brain

What are the causes of circulatory shock?

hemorrhages, allergic reaction, septic shock, toxic shock

Shock is by caused by hypertension or hypotension?

hypotension

_____________ describes a diminish in blood flow to the brain, leading to an inadequate force of blood into the brain and profusion, patient may lose consciousness.

shock

Stroke is by caused by hypertension or hypotension?

hypertension

What are the risk factors of strokes?

age and high blood pressure

What type of stroke initiates the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

ischemic

An ischemic stroke occurs due to ______________, and the artery that is mainly affected is the ____________.

lack of oxygen; MCA (middle cerebral artery)

The intrinsic pathway coagulation is done by factor _________, creating blood clots.

XII

In a ____________ stroke, the brain specifically is affected.

hemorrhagic

What are the levels of hypotension?

< 90mmHg / 60mmHg for a smaller person

< 100mmHg / 60mmHg for a typical adults

What are the levels of prehypertension?

130-139mmHg / 80-89mmHg

What are the levels of hypertension for individuals under 55 years old?

130-138mmHg / 80-89mmHg

What are the levels of hypertension?

140mmHg / 90mmHg

A heart rate of 60-100 bpm is ________________.

normocardia

The extrinsic pathway coagulation is done by factor ________, creating blood clots, becoming a direct cause of an ischemic stroke.

VII

A heart rate of >100 bpm is _______________.

tachycardia

A heart rate of <60 bpm is ________________.

bradycardia

A heart rate of an athlete at <60 bpm is _______________.

athlete's bradycardia

stroke volume x heart rate = ________________.

cardiac output

A decrease in stroke volume and increase in heart rate is called ________________.

concentric hypertrophy

An increase in stroke volume, decrease in heart rate, and a maintained thickness of the heart walls is called __________________.

epicentral hypertrophy

The endocardium relates to _______________

The myocardium relates to _________________

The epicardium relates to ________________

The pericardium relates to _______________

lining the heart valves, blood pumping muscle, reducing friction, covering the heart

The function of the _______________ is to maintain smooth blood flow by closing AV valves and semilunar valves.

endocardium

Due to the continuity of the endocardium with the endothelium, it may cause what?

valve issues

The _____________ blends between skeletal muscle through intercalated disc gap junctions, which permits rapid movements of ions, low electrical resistance, and rapid communication.

myocardium

The ______________ functions as a functional syncytium when the twitch-relax endurance contraction prevents fatigue and does not summate.

myocardium

The _____________ protects the heart and keeps it in place.

pericardium