uw madison Nutri sci 132 exam 1

Essential nutrients (examples)

Vitamin C, Iron

NOT essential nutrients

Cholesterol, Alcohol

Clinical trials

*high generalizability

*low control

Animal Studies

*high control

*low generalizability

Carbohydrates

4Kcal/g, Macro nutrient, 45-65% daily calorie range

Protein

4Kcal/g, Macro nutrient, 10-35% daily calorie range

Lipid

9Kcal/g, Macro nutrient, 20-35% daily calorie range

Alcohol

7Kcal/g

Vitamins

Micro nutrient

Minerals

Micronutrient

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

amount of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the needs of 98% of the healthy population

Functions of Proteins

acid base balance, provide structure, provide energy, synthesis of enzymes

to prevent chronic disease, how much exercise is recommended for adults?

30 min moderate to vigorous physical activity per day

to prevent weight gain, how much exercise is recommended for adults?

60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day

to maintain weight loss, how much exercise is recommended for adults per day?

60-90 min moderate to vigorous physical activity per day

How much exercise should children get per day?

60 min

Dietary recommendations

*half of your grain foods should be whole grains

*less than 10% of your calories should be from saturated fat

*limit alcohol intake to 1 or less drinks per day for females and 2 or less drinks per day for men

*minimize intake of trans fatty acid

How does our diet compare to our ancestors?

more fat; more sugar; less fiber; less starch

how are ingredients in the "ingredient list" organized?

by weight

what causes vitamin/mineral toxicities?

usually supplements

enzyme

a chemical that participates as a catalyst in a chemical reaction without being used up

Where does both chemical and mechanical digestion begin?

In the mouth with salary amylase

Function of HCL (hydrochloric acid) (in stomach)

denature proteins

function of protease (in stomach)

digest protein

function of mucus (in the stomach)

protect the stomach lining from the HCL

small intestines

where most nutrients are digested/broken down and absorbed

fiction of lipase

break down lipids (fats)

function of protease

break down protein

function of bile

emulsify fat

function of sodium bicarbonate

neutralize acid (raise pH of duodenum)

function of amylase

break down Amylose (a starch)

where does reabsorption occur?

large intestines

where does absorption occur

small intestines

glucose

monosaccaride; made of glucose molecules, ex: fruit, honey, blood sugar, plant

galactose

monosaccaride; made of galactose molecules, breakdown product of lactose

fructose

monosaccaride; fructose molecules, ex: fruits, honey

maltose

disaccaride, glucose+glucose, break down of starch, sprouting-malting in beer making

lactose

disaccharide, galactose+glucose, ex: milk

sucrose

disaccaride, fructose + glucose, ex: table sugar (cane and beet sugar), maple syrup, honey

amylose

polysaccaride; glucose; linear chain, ex: grains, potatoes, legumes

glycogen

polysaccaride; glucose; highly branched chain, stored from carbohydrate

amylopectin

polysaccaride; glucose; medium branched chain; ex: grains, potatoes, legumes

what does the body store glucose as? and where?

glycogen, muscle & liver

intestinal brush border enzymes that breakdown disaccharides

lactase; maltose; sucrose

what type of polysaccharide is starch?

digestible polysaccaride

what type of polysaccharide is fiber?

indigestible polysaccaride

possible uses of absorbed glucose

*energy production

*converted into and stored a s glycogen

*converted into ad sorted as fat

dextrins

the intermediate breakdown products of starch digestion. due to their shorter chain length, they are perceived as sweeter than starch

BLANK glycogen is used only in the muscle and is a source of glucose during high intensity exercise

muscle glycogen

BLANK glycogen is stored and released to maintain blood glucose levels

liver glycogen

dissolves in water and is NOT digestible to humans

soluble fiber

DOES NOT dissolve in water and is NOT digestible to humans

insoluble fiber

example of soluble fiber

oats, beans, barley

glucogenogenesis

the formation of glucose from other molecules/nutrients other than carbohydrates (making glucose out of amino acids (proteins) and glycerol

what happens when blood sugar becomes too low?

the hormone glucagon is released from the pancreas which stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen

what happens when blood sugar levels are too high?

the hormone insulin is released from the pancreas, which stimulates cells to increase uptake of glucose into body cells

Gluconegenesis

formation of glucose from other molecules/nutrients other than carbohydrates

glycogen

storage form of glucose

glucose

a simple sugar

glucagon

hormone released when blood sugar levels are too low (memory key: all my glucose is gone--> release glucagon)

three fates of glucose once it enters the cell

1. used for energy production

2. stored as glycogen in liver or muscle

3. converted to fat

what types of cells can store glycogen?

liver, muscle

type 1 diabetes

less common in the us

*caused by an autoimmune disease

*pancreas makes little to no insulin

symptoms: excessive: hunger, thirst, urination; hypo and hyperglycemia

treatment: insulin injections

type 2 diabetes

more common in the us

*caused by insulin resistance

*body cells stop responding to insulin

symptoms: hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)

treatment: weight loss, exercise, dietary alterations

hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

hypoglycemia

low blood glucose

bacteria in your mouth convert BLANK to acid, which dissolves the enamel of teeth and causes dental cavities

carbohydrates

congeners

additions to alcohol other than ethanol ex: hops, yeast, asbestos, and flavorings

where can alcohol be absorbed?

both stomach and small intestines

how many grams is a serving of alcohol?

15g

what are omega 3 acids named after?

the location of their first double

which fatty acids are clear liquids at cold temperatures?

polyunsaturated oils

what determines the sequence of amino acids in a portion?

DNA, genes

what does the body recognize as a foreign protein ?

antigen

which fatty acid decreases both LDL & HDL?

omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid

how is dietary cholesterol transported

it is transported to the liver by chylomicrons

what was a limitation of the Nurses Heath Study?

*it didn't include a truly low-fat consumption group

*it didn't measure fat intake at an early age

Which method of body composition analysis directly measures subcutaneous fat stores?

Skin fold calipers

what is not useful in losing body fat?

decreasing muscle mass

what percentage of body fat by weight should men have?

15% body fat by weight

what accounts for the 25-30% of the daily energy the average person expends?

physical activity

the processes of digestion, absorption, transport, and storage of nutrients are likely to use what proportion of a typical adult's energy output?

10%

saturated fat

all the carbons are bonded with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

how do you increase the HDL fraction of blood lipids?

exercise, moderate alcohol consumption, estrogen, weight loss

how does soluble fiber affect blood cholesterol?

it decreases total cholesterol

what type of dietary fat affects the body by altering the type of eicosanoids produced, resulting in prolonged blood-clotting time?

omega 3 fatty acids

what happens with cholesterol returned to the liver?

it is used to make bile

what is the recommended levels of sat fat and cholesterol for adults to prevent heart disease?

keep saturated fat <10% of kcal and dietary cholesterol <300 mg/day

what might a diet high in protein (therefore low in carb) potentially result in?

extra burden on kidneys to excrete nitrogen

what is the major form of lipid in foods and how much of the lipid in foods does it comprise?

triglycerides; 95%

what is the relationship between cholesterol produced in the body and consumed in the diet?

cholesterol consumed in the diet decreases cholesterol synthesis by the body so that blood levels do not rise as much as might be otherwise expected

what are the functions of lipids?

storage form of energy, synthesis of eicosanoids, insulation, component of cell membranes

what effect does estrogen have on blood cholesterol?

it increases HDL

What nutritional factor has been observed in human studies to promote colon cancer?

saturated fat

what happens to energy expenditure as we lose weight?

energy expenditure decreases

which two materials are primarily being metabolized when you generate and use energy?

carbohydrate and fat

what is the typical body response to extended severe energy depravation?

the body conserves energy by lowering basal metabolism

what group is most likely to respond to external cues to eat, rather than internal cues

the obese

what group needs the most protein per unit of body weight?

young children

what would be the most likely to reduce your risk of heart disease?

an increased level of HDL cholesterol in your blood