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Stereognosis
What category of input does the ability to use touch & proprioception info to identify object fall under? … (happens at the cortical level) dealing w /sensation and aids in multitasking
Receptors
What structure are modified versions of a cell, capable of producing neurotransmitters /sending a AP?
Gamma motor neurons
What type of receptor help your muscles stay calibrated, to preform accordingly?
2nd Order Neuron
Which order neuron synapses in spinal cord, starts in the dorsal horn and goes up to the thalamus (in most tracts)?
Proprioceptive and movement
Tracts that travel in the Anterior Lateral Pathway transmit information related information what to the cerebellum? (accurate but subconscious) → adjustments to movement and posture.
Cuneocerebellar
Which high fidelity pathway transmits info from the arms and upper half of the body regarding information of muscle for movement planning?
Afferents
What type of fibers are classified according to axon diameter: 1a, 1b, 2 or A (beta), A (gamma), C?
Chemoreceptors
Which type of receptor responds to substances released by cells, including damaged cells after injury or infection?
Dorsal Column Medial lemniscal
Which ascending tract transmits discriminative touch, proprioception, vibration, 2 pt discrimination to consciousness?
touch, pressure, vibration
Cutaneous receptors respond to _______, ______ , ________, stretch, noxious stimuli, pain and temperature.
Unconscious Relay Tract
What category of tracts adjusts movements in size strength by utilizing sensory info & proprioception?
Spinocerebellar
Which ascending tract relays information about muscle tension, limb position …planning for movements?
1a ( A-alpha)
Which type of afferent fiber is the largest and heavily myelinated, prevalent in areas that need quick reactions…maximum speed= milliseconds (ex: mechanoreceptors)?
Nociceptors
Which type of receptor (subset of somatosensory receptors) does stimulation results in the sensation of pain…activated when cell damage /death might occur?
High fidelity transmission
What is is the characteristic of tract that provides accurate details regarding location of stimulation?
Phasic Receptors
Which type of sensory receptor ADAPTS to the stimulus, meaning that after a while the stimulus will still be there but not as apparent to the you?
Muscle spindles
Which type of muscle receptor responds to quick and prolonged stretches…more about time, aids in stretching and passive movement?
spinal cord
Proximal axon: project the message from the cell body into the ________ /brainstem.
Somatosensation
What is the processing of sensory information from the skin and information from the musculoskeletal systems?
Sensory
What is it when it is categorized as when looking at the impulses generated from the original stimuli?
Tonic Receptors
What type of sensory receptors DO NOT adapt to the stimulus?
Tonic Receptor
What type of sensory receptor is a a photoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, chemoreception (can me overridden, just turn on/off)?
Phasic Receptors
What type of sensory receptor ADAPTS to the stimulus, meaning that after a while the stimulus will still be there but not as apparent to the you?
Mechanoreceptors
What type of receptor responds to touch, pressure, stretch or vibration (goes into the Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus pathway)?
Chemoreceptors
What type of receptor responds to substances released by cells, including damaged cells after injury or infection?
Thermoreceptors
What type of receptor responds to a change in temperature, hot or cold?
Nociceptors
What type of receptor is a subset of somatosensory receptors, and stimulation results in the sensation of pain…activated when cell damage/death might occur?
Mechanoreceptors & Nociceptors
___________ are stimulated by stubbing a toe due to the change in pressure..the sensation of pain is stimulated by _______
Sensation
What is it when it is categorized as when looking at ones awareness of the stimuli based on the senses?
Distal & Proximal
Somatosensory Peripheral Neurons have 2 types of axons...
Distal
Which type of Somatosensory Peripheral Neurons conducts messages from the receptor to the cell body?
Proximal
Which type of Somatosensory Peripheral Neurons projects the message from the cell body into the spinal cord/brainstem?
axon diameter
Afferents are classified according to.....
1b (A-beta)
Which is the 2nd largest afferent fiber found in retina cells?
C fibers
Which afferent fiber is the smallest and slowest transmitting axon?
Somatic Afferents
Which type of fibers innervate at the Cutaneous layer?
Meissners & Pacinians corpuscle
Which 2 cutaneous receptors are detect changes in pressure?
Free endings
Which cutaneous receptor is unmyelinated and has a slow transmission of signals?
Pain
Free nerve endings specifically nociceptors detect what?
Temperature
Free nerve endings specifically thermoreceptors detect what?
Belly of the muscle
Somatic Afferents start where
1A fibers
Which afferent fiber is responsible feeling how the muscle is moving?
Intrafusal fibers
Which specialized muscle fiber contract at the ends, the center region does NOT contract?
Primary endings
Which sensory fiber ending wraps around the central region of each intrafusal fiber … detect a quick sense of change b/c they are wrapped around the fiber?
Secondary endings
Which sensory fiber ending is mainly on nuclear chain fibers adjacent to the primary endings?
Muscle spindles
Which muscle receptor responds to quick and prolonged stretches…more about time, aids in stretching and passive movement?
Tendon organs
Which muscle receptor signals the force generated by the muscle contraction or by passive stretch of the tendon…more about amplitude, adjusts muscle tension (quick jump)?
Joint Receptors
Which muscle receptor responds to mechanical deformation of joint capsule…"where you are in space"?
Joint Receptors
Which muscle receptor signals can be override by cognitive function and utilizing other input?
Pathways to the Brain
Tracts are ....
Dorsal Column (aka Medial Lemniscus)
Which tract is responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration & proprioception (travels ipsilateral)?
Anterolateral (aka Spinothalamic)
Which tract is responsible for transmitting pain, temperature, and pressure (travels contralateral)?
Anterior and Posterior Spinocerebellar
Which tract is responsible for transmitting muscle tension & limb position…plans for movement (travels contralateral)?
1st order neuron
Which order neuron is the sensory cell picks up the signal, interacts with with environment? …ex free nerve ending, muscle spindle fiber
Divergent Pathways
What type of pathway is it when info is transmitted to many location in brainstem and cerebrum, affects a variety of neurons?
Diffuse response & low fidelity
Aching pain is an example of what?
Spinothalamic
Which tract is important in transmitting pain, temp and pressure…poor localization?
Dorsal Column/Medial lemniscal
Which tract is important in transmitting discriminative touch, proprioception, vibration, 2 pt discrimination to consciousness
Spinocerebellar
Which tract is important in transmitting relay information about muscle tension, limb position …planning for movements?
Gracilis region
Which portion of the Dorsal Column tract sends info from the lower limbs & runs centrally?
Cuneatus region
Which portion of the Dorsal Column tract sends info from the upper limbs & run laterally?
Discriminative Touch
____________: Localization of touch & vibration, discriminate b/w 2 closely spaced points touching the skin (conscious path provides input...)
Conscious Proprioception
___________: movements and relative position of body parts (conscious path provides input...)
Stereognosis
__________: ability to use touch & proprioception info to identify object…( happens at the cortical level ) dealing w/ sensation and aids in multitasking (conscious path provides input...)
Primary sensory cortex
In which cortex do we find discrimination among size, texture or shape of object?
Somatosensory association area
In which cortex do we find analyze info from the primary sensory area & thalamus?
1st order neuron
In the Anterior Lateral Pathway which order neuron brings info into the dorsal horn (synapsing immediately = allows for a quick response)?
2nd order neuron
In the Anterior Lateral Pathway which order neuron crosses at the midline and goes from the spinal to the thalamus?
3rd order neuron
In the Anterior Lateral Pathway which order neuron thalamus to cerebral cortex?
Anterior Spinocerebellar pathway
Which tract transmits limb movement/tension/positions info from the legs and lower half of the body?
1st order neuron
Which order neuron would transmit info from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord in the Posterior Spinocerebellar pathway?
2nd order neuron
Which order neuron would transmit info from the (specific) cell body = Nucleus dorsalis and the axon ascends as the Spinocerebellar tract?
Cuneocerebellar pathway
Which tract transmits high fidelity info from the arms and upper half of the body?
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Which tract transmits info from the thoracolumbar spinal cord?
Rostro-spinocerebellar tract
Which tract transmits info from the cervical spinal cord to the cerebellum (same side)?
Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors
What are the 4 types of receptors that respond to specific stimuli?
Tonic, do not adapt to stimulus & Phasic, adapts to the stimulus
What are the 2 categories of sensory receptors & what is their specific characteristic?
Proximal region, less innervation
Where do we expect to see a large receptive field & why?
Distal regions, densely packed receptors
Where do we expect to see a small receptive field & why?
Our perception of pain/feeling
Damage to these receptors alter...
Meissner's & Pacinian's
Which 2 cutaneous receptors detect pressure?
Muscle fibers, Sensory fibers & Motor endings
What are the 3 sensory organs in the Muscle Belly?
Nuclear Bag
Which intrafusal fiber is a clump of nuclei and helps sense end range?
Nuclear Chain
Which intrafusal fiber are the nuclei arranged in a single file line and helps sense velocity of change?
tension in the tendons
The Golgi tendon organ is sensitive to ...
1b afferent fibers
What type of axonal fiber is found in the Golgi tendon?
Ligament receptors, Ruffini endings, Paciniform endings, Free nerve endings
What are the 4 types of joint receptors?
Type 2 afferents, extreme joint movements & they prevent from reaching end range
What do Ruffini's endings detect and what type of fiber are they?
Type 1b afferents, sense tension
What do ligament receptors detect and what type of fiber are they?
Type 2 afferents, sense pressure and vibration
What do Paciniform corpuscles/endings detect and what type of fiber are they?
quick and prolonged stretches
Muscle spindles respond to ....
the force generated by the muscle
Tendon organs signal...
mechanical deformation of joint capsule
Joint receptors respond to...
High level and detailed recall
In conscious relay pathways high input leads to
Midbrain, postural response
Spinomesencephalic travels to the... & causes what kind of response
Carries nociceptive information, Controls head posture and activates descending pain tracts
Spinomesencephalic carries? controls? activates?
Reticular Formation, postural response
Spinoreticular travels to the... and causes what response?
Arousal, Attention & Sleep cycle...increases attention and postural responses
Spinoreticular modulates? increases ones _______ & _________
Limbic formation, emotional response
Spinolimbic travels to...and causes what response?
Emotional response to pain & aids in automatic movement
Spinolimbic control? and aid in?
Note 
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