Encoding

how do we encode information?

through automatic and effortful processing

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings

• don't have to rehearse to encode

• implicit (nondeclarative) memories

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

• leads more to durable and accessible mems

• explicit (declarative) memories

chunking

organizing info into familiar, manageable units helps us to recall the material more easily

• remember info best when organized into meaningful arrangements

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

acronyms

PEMDAS, HOMES, ROY G. BIV

peg word method

1. memorize a jingle/rhyme

2. visually associate the ___ ____ with a list of items you are trying to remember

method of loci (AKA the memory palace technique)

imagine yourself moving through a familiar location; visually place each item you need to remember along your route

link method

forming mental images of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

types of encoding: visual

• encoding by visual elements

• mental picture, colors, diagram, font/handwriting

types of encoding: acoustic/auditory

• encoding by sound

• it rhymed with, it sounded like, etc.

types of encoding: semantic

• encode by meaning

• involves deeper processing → most likely to stick with you

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure/appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention