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What information does an electrocardiogram provide?
The electrical activity of the heart
The ________is a double membrane that covers the outside of the heart
epicardium
contains a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the heart beats.
pericardium
The ______is the middle layer, and the thickest. It is made of muscle tissue and pumps blood through the system.
myocardium
The _________is a smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels and allows blood to flow smoothly.
endocardium
What is the septum?
The muscle between the two ventricles
The two top chambers of the heart are called
atria.
The two bottom chambers of the heart are called
ventricles.
What is the function of valves?
To control blood flow in and out of the lobes
Pulmonary
Rt side of the heart to the lungs to the heart
Systemic
Lt side of the heart to the body to the heart
Coronary
circulation to the heart itself
List the flow of blood in order starting from the right atrium.
Rt atrium, tricuspid valve, Rt ventricle, pulmonary valve, Lt atrium, mitral valve, Lt ventricle, aortic valve
What causes the heart to contract?
Electrical impulses
True
The heart can stimulate its own contractions.
False
First the ventricles contract, and then the atria.
What is another name for a heartbeat?
Cardiac cycle
Systole
Contraction
Diastole
Relaxation
What are the special tissues that transmit electrical impulses in the heart?
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers
What is also known as the body’s natural pacemaker?
SA node
lungs are a part of the cardiovascular system
false
s1
lub
s2
dub
lub
tricuspid and mitral valve closing sound
dub
aortic and pulmonary valve closing sound
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid and mitral
semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic
isovolumetric contraction
static point before contraction
rapid ejection
strong push 70%
slow ejection
softer push to slow down 30%
isovolumetric relaxation
static point before relaxation
diastasis
slow filling
late diastole
all chambers are relaxed, ventricles fill passively
how much blood in the body
3-5 liters
AAACVVV
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
vena cava
Acquisition
taking the ecg
HIPAA
health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996
PHI
protected health information
who has to follow hipaa?
insurance companies
claim payers
IT providers
clinical contractors
p wave
depolarization of atria
qrs complex
ventricular depolarization
t wave
ventricular repolarization
j point
ending depolarization/starting depolarization of ventricles
st segment
isoelectric, between ventricular de/repolarization
pr interval
time between atrial and ventricular depolarization
AV node conduction
left side of the p wave is what
Rt atrium
right side of the p wave is what
Lt atrium
dysthrythmia
bad rhythm
arrhythmia
irregular rhythm (not necessarily bad)
myocardial cells
working/mechanical cells
responsible for contractionp
pacemaker cells
electrical conduction system
generate/conduct impulses
automaticity
ability of pacemaker cells to create impulses without another sourcee
excitability
ability of myocardial cells to respond to outside impulse
conductivity
ability of cardiac cells to conduct impulses
contractility
ability of cardiac cells to shorten
SA node
primary pacemaker
60-100 bpm
AV node
full ventricular diastole pacemaker cells
40-60 bpm
bundle of his
20-40 bpm
purkinje fibers
20-40 bpm
purkinje fibers fully surround which ventricle
Lt ventricle
ion that holds contraction
Ca
ion that starts contraction
Na
ion that ends contraction
K
Absolute refractory period
cells cannot be stimulated at all
relative refractory period
cells can be stimulated with strong enough stimulus
supernormal refractory period
cells can be stimulated with less stimulus than normal
electrons flow which direction
opposite of current
impulses go ___ to ___ in the heart
Right to left
the heart is inherently…
negative
lead
view
lead equation
Lead I + Lead III = Lead II
lead I
Rt arm to Lt arm
lead II
Rt arm to Lt foot
Main lead
Tallest QRS complex
Lead III
Lt arm to Lt foot
Lt foot lead is…
positive
Rt arm lead is…
negative
Lt arm lead is…
positive and negative
Leads go…
negative to positive
augmented leads
all leads are positive instead of positive and negative and heart is negative center
supine
laying on back
semifowlers
slightly sitting up
fowlers
sitting up
pregant
do ekg on back while laying on side
muscle movement disorder
restrain
stuck in fetal position
ekg on back
can only print __ times before replacing electrodes
2
V1
4th IS Rt of sternum
Red
V2
4th IS Lt of sternum
Yellow
V3
In between V2 and V4
Green
V4
5th IS midclavicular line Lt
Blue
V5
anterior axillary line Lt 5th IS
Orange
V6
Lt axillary line 5th IS
Purple
What if a kid is too small for electrodes
put it on the other side
V7
posterior axillary line 5th IS
V8
midscapulary line 5th IS
V9
5th IS Lt of spine
Left arm lead
black
Left leg lead
red
Right leg lead
green (ground)
