Honors Biology - Unit 2

Carbohydrates

the organic compounds made up of sugar molecules used mainly for energy

Total sugars

Monosaccharides aka. simple sugars

Dietary fiber

Polysaccharides aka. complex carbs

Lipids

an organic molecule such as fat or oil used to store energy and form cell membranes

Saturated fat

Mostly come from animal fats and are solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fat

Mostly come from plants and fish and are liquid at room temperature

Trans fat

Type of unsaturated fat that is made when liquid oils turn into solid fats during food processing

Proteins

molecules made up of amino acids that repair muscle tissue, act as an enzyme, transport nutrients, and defend the body

Calorie

A unit of measure that indicates the amount of energy our bodies would obtain with eating or consuming a particular food or drink

Amino acid

organic compounds that serve as the fundamental building blocks of proteins

Cellulose

forms the cell walls in plants, fungi, and bacteria

Chitin

A tough, fibrous structural substance, a type of complex carbohydrate (a polysaccharide) that forms the outer covering of arthropods like insects and crustaceans and is also found in the cell walls of fungi

Cholesterol

a lipid responsible for narrowing the arteries and causing the disease atherosclerosis

Dehydration reaction

when you build macromolecules together, and each time a monomer is added, a water molecule is released. It requires the assistance of an enzyme to speed up the reaction

Denaturation

The process where a protein or nucleus acid loses its natural, 3D folded structure due to external factors like heat, extreme pH, or certain chemicals

Deoxyribose

A simple, five-carbon sugar molecule that forms the backbone of DNA, the genetic material in living organisms

Disaccharide

formed when two monosaccharides bond together, also used for energy

fatty acid

A molecule that has a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (a hydrocarbon chain) with a special group called a carbonyl group at one end

glucose

a monomer or “building block” of carbs (example a monosaccharide) used for energy by cells

Glycerol

A sweet, colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is a simple alcohol with three carbon atoms and three hydroxyl groups

Glycogen

how animals store energy

Hydrocarbon

A simple organic compound made up only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms

Hydrolysis reaction

Breaking down a macromolecule where each time water is added to a polymer, it breaks down monomers. It requires the assistance of an enzyme to help speed up the reaction

Hydrophilic

water-loving and easily soluble in water

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing, describing a substance that repels or does not mix with water, such as oil or fat, because it is nonpolar

Inorganic molecule

Molecules that don’t contain carbon, and are not carbon-based.

Insoluble

Something that cannot be dissolved in a liquid, like sand in water

fats

a type of lipid that’s an organic compound composed of a 3-carbon backbone (glycerol) and three fatty acids containing long hydrocarbon chains

Macromolecule

A molecule that’s found in living cells that are so large that you can distinctly separate them from other molecules in the body.

Monomer

smaller units that are building blocks of larger molecules

Monosaccharide

a simple sugar used for energy, the monomer of carbs

Nitrogenous base

A molecule containing nitrogen that functions as a building block for DNA and RNA, storing genetic information through specific pairing patterns

Nonpolar

A molecule with an even distribution of electrical charge, meaning it doesn’t have a distinct positive and negative “poles”

Nucleotide

The basic unit that links together to form DNA and RNA

Organic molecule

carbon-based molecules that have a bond between carbon and another atom or molecule

Phosphate group

A chemical unit of one phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Phospholipid

the major components of cell membranes

Polar

A molecule that has one side that is slightly positive, and another side that is slightly negative, like a battery

Polypeptide

A long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, serving as the fundamental building block for proteins

Polysaccharide

Complex carbohydrate where simple sugars form a chain. The polymer of carbs, stores energy and forms structures

Primary structure

The specific, linear sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain, linked together by peptide bonds

Ribose

A simple sugar with a five-carbon ring structure that is vital component of RNA, DNA, and ATP, the main energy-carrying molecule in cells

Saturated fatty acid

A fat molecule whose carbon chain contains only single bonds between carbon atoms

Soluble

A substance that is capable of being dissolved in a liquid

Triglyceride

The main form of stored energy in animals

Starch

how plants store energy

Cellular respiration

A process that breaks down food (in presence of oxygen) and converts chemical energy to ATP

ATP

The molecule cells depend on to perform day to day activities

Chemical energy

The energy that builds, rearranges, and breaks apart substances

Mechanical energy

The energy in charge of the movement of flagella and cilia, cell structures, and parts of our whole body

Electrochemical energy

The energy in charge of moving substances across the cell membrane via active transport

Vitamins

Contain necessary nutrients our body is unable to make, helps enzymes perform their jobs, essential components in skin/muscle/bones, help your body fight infections

Valence electrons

Electrons found in the outermost shell of an atom that take part in chemical bonding.

Functional group

A group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules in chemical reactions. They’re polar molecules because the O or N molecules are highly electronegative, and exert a strong pull on shared electrons

Polymer

Long chains of molecules formed by linking monomers together

Organic chemistry

? = the study of molecules that contain carbon

4

How many bonds is carbon capable of making?

Monomers make up polymers

How are the terms monomer and polymer related?

Carbohydrates

The picture represents the monomer for which macro-molecule?

Lipids

The picture represents the monomer for which macro-molecule?

Hydrophilic

? = water loving

Hydrophobic

? = water fearing

Dehydration

What type of process occurs when water is removed to combine two monomers?

Hydrolysis

What type of process occurs when water is used to break bonds between monomers?

Carbohydrates

Which type of biomolecule is used as an energy source and for structural support?

Lipids

Which type of biomolecule is used to store energy and also to build biological membranes?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following biomolecules do plants use as “building materials”?

Polysaccharide

What is the name for a complex sugar?

Monosaccharide

What is the name for a simple sugar?

c. Glucose

Which of the following is NOT an example of a polysaccharide?

a. Starch

b. Cellulose

c. Glucose

d. glycogen

Monosaccharide

Which of the following structures is known as the monomer for carbs?

b. Glycogen

Which of the following polysaccharides is only found in animals?

a. Starch

b. Glycogen

c. Cellulose

d. chitin

Starch

Which type of polysaccharide is used by plants to store sugars?

Glycogen

Which type of polysaccharide is used by animals to store sugars?

Cellulose

Which type of polysaccharide is used as structural support by plants?

Chitin

Which type of polysaccharide is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects)?

Starch

Which type of polysaccharide is represented by a single chain structure (image)?

Glycogen

Which type of polysaccharide is represented by a branched structure (image)?

Cellulose

Which type of polysaccharide is represented by a multi-chained structure (image)?

b. Transporting materials

Which of the following is not a function of lipids?

a. Energy storage

b. Transporting materials

c. Waterproof coverings

d. Components of biological membranes

Trans fat

Which type of fat is most often linked to health issues?

Glycerol + fatty acids

What is the building block of lipids?

Saturated fat

Saturated or unsaturated fat?

Unsaturated fat

Saturated or unsaturated fat?

Saturated fat

Which type of fat is a solid at room temperature?

Unsaturated fat

Which type of fat is a liquid at room temperature?

Phospholipid

Which lipid is an important component of cell membranes?

Why do we eat

To obtain energy, to obtain essential building blocks to help us grow, to obtain essential building blocks to help repair our body, for fun

Proteins

The picture represents the monomer for which macro-molecule?

Dehydration reaction

What type of process occurs to allow amino acids to join together to create a polypeptide chain?

Hydrolysis reaction

What type of process occurs to break down a polypeptide chain apart into individual amino acids?

Protein

Which type of macromolecule aids in cell transport and receives/sends signals?

Denature

? = occurs when a protein loses its shape due to heat

R group

Which part of an amino acid is unique to all amino acids?

c. Phosphorous

Which of the following elements is not found in proteins?

a. Carbon

b. Nitrogen

c. Phosphorous

d. Oxygen

20

How many different amino acids are commonly found in proteins?

Bond between 2 amino acids

What is a peptide bond?

b. Providing energy for cells

Which of the following is not a function of a protein?

a. Transporting materials into and out of cells

b. Providing energy for cells

c. Sending and receiving signals

d. Speeding up chemical reactions

Shape

What dictates the function of a protein?

Amino acids

Which monomers are used to form enzymes?