cognitive exam II

The most common cause for dementia is

Alzheimers disease

What is encoding?

your first encounter with a stimulus

What is an engram?

The term used to refer to the physical location of a memory in the brain

What is an example of a recall task

studying a list of words then writing them down from memory

What type of recognition is thought to involve the recall of an episodic memory

Recollection

T/F one of the hippocampus’s features is muscle memory

F

Which memory has a long duration and a large capacity?

long term memory

Which memory has a short duration with a large capacity

Sensory Memory

What is an example of sensory memory?

Waving a sparkler around and seeing it looks like a trail of light

“working memory” is referred to as the

short term memory

what is not a component of braddleys working memory model

audiovisual notebook

neurons within the ______ continuously fire in order to hold information in your working memory

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

What was designed to test working memory

N-back test

T/F clive suffered short term memory loss

False

conscious knowledge of things are referred to as

semantic memories

Language is largely lateralized to the ____ hemisphere of the brain

left

damage to ______ causes an inability to speak

left inferior frontal cortex

damage to _______ causes an inability to say the correct words

left superior temporal cortex

this white matter tract connects brocas and wernikes

Arcuate fasciculus

we now know wernikes area is involved in

Phoneme selection

______ aphasia is called affluent aphasia b/c patients have a difficulty producing words

Brocas

T/F - brain size relates the strongest to intelligence

false - its brain to body ratio

What is the Flynn effect saying?

The cause of IQ scores increasing as time passes, due to jobs etc

What type of intelligence is important for solving problems in new and unique situations?

Fluid intelligence

if you see someone barf and now feel like you will barf, this is because of your ____

insula

TMS of the _______ has been shown to affect moral judgment of others behaviors

right temporoparietal junction

What area of the brain deals with mirroring movements

premotor cortex

What area of the brain deals with mirroring emotions

anterior insular cortex

What area of the brain deals with mirroring vitality forms

dorsocentral insular cortex

Adult neurogenesis occurs in this episodic memory forming brain region

Hippocampus

grey matter cortical volume decreases in many areas throughout adolescence via a process called

synaptic pruning

T/F - the primary visual Cortex takes longer to mature?

False, the prefrontal cortex takes longer

Piagets stages of cognitive development in order are:

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

what stage is object permanence learned in?

Sensorimotor

2nd most common cause of dementia is

vascular disease

What is anterograde amnesia

The inability to form new memories

what two proteins clump together in Alzheimers?

Tau & β-amyloid

In alzheimers disease, tau accumulates __ __o__f neurons and β-amyloid accumulate__s__ ___ of neurons

inside; outside

Where in the brain can early signs of alzheimers disease be seen?

in the medial temporal lobes’ Entorhinal cortex

stroke damage along the ___ often cause symptoms related to movement, sosamatosensations and language

middle cerebral artery

ischemia referes to___ __a__nd hemorrhage refers to ___

A clot; bleeding

mini strokes can cause bright spots on MRI’s called

White matter hyperintensities

results from the ___ show its possible to have alzheimers disease and not show cognitive symptoms

nun study

The theory used to describe retained cognitive function despite alzheimers pathology is

cognitive reserve

research shows you experience physiological arousal ___ you experience emotion

before

what is the H in HPA axis

Hypothalamus

pituitary

Adrenal

Stimulation from pituitary hormones causes the adrenal gland to release:

cortisol

Where is the pituitary gland

below the hypothalamus

where are the adrenal glands

on the kidneys

the process of extinction underlies

exposure therapy

what is associated with decreased fear conditioning and increased fear extinction

PTSD

In addition to the formation of episodic memories, the hippocampus also

down regulates the stress response

apathy and anhedonia are most likely symptoms related to aberrant ___ signaling

dopamine

the engram for reward based associations can be found in the

ventral striatum

as addiction gets worse ___ __i__ncreases and ____ decreases

wanting; liking

as addiction gets worse, dopamine signals get stronger for the __ and weaker for the __

predictive cues; addictive substance